Deposition and transformation rates of sulphur oxides during atmospheric
                        transport over the Atlantic

Prahm, L. P.; Torp, U.; Stern, R.

doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i4.10302

Cited by 38 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…within several hundred kilometers) than previously supposed for the Atlantic Ocean. The SOl decay time of 12h is consistent with published values for other ocean areas (Bonsang et al, 1980(Bonsang et al, , 1987Nguyen et al, 1975;Prahm et al, 1976;Kritz, 1982;Ito et al, 1986).…”

Section: Sulphursupporting

confidence: 88%

Nitrogen and sulphur over the Western Atlantic Ocean

Hastie

Schiff

Whelpdale

et al. 1988

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

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AlIItnlct-This paper reports new surface and aircraft measurements of sulphur and nitrogen species made during WATOX-85 at Lewes, Delaware and Bermuda. Concentrations of most species measured in this portion of the western Atlantic Ocean atmosphere were higher than those found in remote marine environments, showing clearly the influence of anthropogenic emissions from North America. The experiment was designed such that measurements were made following cold frontal passages in conditions of strong, dry westerly flow, to ensure that measurements at Bermuda were in air masses that had earlier crossed the east coast in the region of Lewes. Boundary-layer 80 2 concentrations decreased by a factor of20 between the cast coast and Bermuda, while sulphate was the same at both locations. First-order decay distances for 80 2 and total S were 340 and 620 km, respectively, under these conditions. The decay distance for total S is substantially shorter than previously determined, indicating that 50 2 in particular is removed in ncar-coastal environments more quickly than previously supposed. Boundary·layer NO x and HNO) concentrations decreased by close to an order of magnitude between the east coast and Bermuda, whereas for NO) the decrease was a factor of two. Corresponding first·order decay distances of NO~and total N were 500 and 550km, respectively.

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Section: Sulphursupporting

confidence: 88%

Nitrogen and sulphur over the Western Atlantic Ocean

Hastie

Schiff

Whelpdale

et al. 1988

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

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“…The naturally em itted sulphur would take a form such as dimethyl sulphide which would not be readily converted to sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere (Lovelock 1972) and would be removed almost entirely in precipitation. This interpretation is supported by measurements of sulphur dioxide in remote oceanic areas (Nguyen Ba Cuong, Bonsang & Lambert 1974;Prahm, Torp & Stern 1976) which show very low concentrations and suggest th a t natural sources contribute little to sulphur dioxide concentrations.…”

Section: The Global Balance Of Atmospheric Sulphurmentioning

confidence: 70%

The dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to land and water surfaces

Garland

1977

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

223

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The direct absorption of sulphur dioxide has been measured in the field by the concentration gradient method and by using 35S as a tracer. The mean deposition velocities (the ratios of deposition flux to concentration) for grass, soil and water were close to 1 cm s -1 No concentration gradient could be detected over coniferous forest indicating an upper limit of 2cm s -1 on the deposition velocity. Radioactive measurements suggest that the deposition velocity for a dry forest canopy varies from 0.1 to 0.6cm s_1. Laboratory experiments showed that the rate of deposition to soil increased with soil pH. Deposition to calcareous soil, water and short grass was largely controlled by the rate of turbulent mixing, while diffusion into the leaf or the rate of sorption controlled deposition to taller vegetation.

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“…Eliassen and Saltbones [1975] compared trajectory calculations with observations at six stations in Western Europe based on an area emission inventory. Eliassen and Saltbones estimated k Total to be Prahm et al [1976] estimated k Total to be 0.07 ± 0.04 h À1 over the Atlantic Ocean in winter 1975 by the method using an air trajectory model and aerosol observations at the Faeroe Islands. Henmi and Reiter [1978] calculated the residence time of SO 2 over the eastern United States using annual climatological data and decay rates due to dry deposition and chemical conversion to be 30 -60 h (0.02 -0.03 h À1 ) and 20-40 h (0.03-0.05 h À1 ) in summer and winter seasons, respectively.…”

Section: Comparisons Of K Total and E With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of sulfur dioxide and formation of sulfate aerosol in Tokyo

2007

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[1] Ground-based in situ measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and submicron sulfate aerosol (SO 4 2À ) together with carbon monoxide (CO) were conducted at an urban site in Tokyo, Japan from spring 2003 to winter 2004. The observed concentrations of SO 2 were affected dominantly by anthropogenic emissions (for example, manufacturing industries) in source areas, while small fraction of the data (<30%) was affected by large point sources of SO 2 (power plant and volcano). Although emission sources of CO in Tokyo are different from those of SO 2 , the major emission sources of CO and SO 2 are colocated, indicating that CO can be used as a tracer of anthropogenic SO 2 emissions in Tokyo. The ratio of SO 4 2À to total sulfur compounds (SO x = SO 2 + SO 4 2À ) and the remaining fraction of SO x , which is derived as the ratio of the linear regression slope of the SO x -CO correlation, is used as measures for the formation of SO 4 2À and removal of SO x , respectively. Using these parameters, the average formation efficiency of SO 4 2À (i.e., amount of SO 4 2À produced per SO 2 emitted from emission sources) are estimated to be 0.18 and 0.03 in the summer and winter periods, respectively. A simple box model was developed to estimate the lifetime of SO x . The lifetime of SO x for the summer period (26 h) is estimated to be about two times longer than that for the winter period (14 h). The seasonal variations of the remaining fraction of SO x , estimated formation efficiency of SO 4 2À, and lifetime of SO x are likely due to those of the boundary layer height and photochemical activity (i.e., hydroxyl radical). These results provide useful insights into the formation and removal processes of sulfur compounds exported from an urban area.Citation: Miyakawa, T., N. Takegawa, and Y. Kondo (2007), Removal of sulfur dioxide and formation of sulfate aerosol in Tokyo,

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Deposition and transformation rates of sulphur oxides during atmospheric transport over the Atlantic

Cited by 38 publications

References 30 publications

Nitrogen and sulphur over the Western Atlantic Ocean

Nitrogen and sulphur over the Western Atlantic Ocean

The dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to land and water surfaces

Removal of sulfur dioxide and formation of sulfate aerosol in Tokyo

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