Abstract:Lead tin sulphide (Pb-Sn-S) thin films (TFs) were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via the electrochemical deposition process using lead (II) nitrate [Pb(NO3)2], tin (II) chloride dehydrate [SnCl2.2H2O] and thiacetamide [C2H5NS] precursors as sources of lead (Pb), tin (Sn) and sulphur (S). The solution of all the compounds was harmonized with a stirrer (magnetic) at 300k. In this study, we reported on the improvements in the properties (structural and optical) of Pb-Sn-S TFs by varying th… Show more
“…It could also be a result of the increase in the period of deposition, which restructures the crystalline sizes and, thus, improves the transmittance of the deposited films, as indicated by the SEM studies. The elevated transmittance within the spectra range indicated in Figure 4 makes CZFS thin films a good conducting material for solar cells, pyro-electric detectors, and LED applications [ 4 , 21 ]. Figure 5 Transmittance spectrum of CZFS TFs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accordingly, the E g of the material tends to fall as the deposition period is increased, owing to growth in the crystalline sizes [ 18 ]. It is also suggested that the band trailing initiated by the disorder within the CZFS system of the films contributes significantly to the variations in the E g values [ 21 ]. Furthermore, the effects of impurities and defects, transition tail, shift effects, and residual strain all have a significant impact on the Eg of a semiconductor thin film system [ 13 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is also suggested that the band trailing initiated by the disorder within the CZFS system of the films contributes significantly to the variations in the E g values [ 21 ]. Furthermore, the effects of impurities and defects, transition tail, shift effects, and residual strain all have a significant impact on the Eg of a semiconductor thin film system [ 13 , 21 ]. Still, the varying E g due to deposition durations makes the films beneficial for solar cell fabrication, as a result of allowing more photons to have access to the absorbing films and creating more photocurrents [ 4 , 22 ].…”
“…It could also be a result of the increase in the period of deposition, which restructures the crystalline sizes and, thus, improves the transmittance of the deposited films, as indicated by the SEM studies. The elevated transmittance within the spectra range indicated in Figure 4 makes CZFS thin films a good conducting material for solar cells, pyro-electric detectors, and LED applications [ 4 , 21 ]. Figure 5 Transmittance spectrum of CZFS TFs.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accordingly, the E g of the material tends to fall as the deposition period is increased, owing to growth in the crystalline sizes [ 18 ]. It is also suggested that the band trailing initiated by the disorder within the CZFS system of the films contributes significantly to the variations in the E g values [ 21 ]. Furthermore, the effects of impurities and defects, transition tail, shift effects, and residual strain all have a significant impact on the Eg of a semiconductor thin film system [ 13 , 21 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is also suggested that the band trailing initiated by the disorder within the CZFS system of the films contributes significantly to the variations in the E g values [ 21 ]. Furthermore, the effects of impurities and defects, transition tail, shift effects, and residual strain all have a significant impact on the Eg of a semiconductor thin film system [ 13 , 21 ]. Still, the varying E g due to deposition durations makes the films beneficial for solar cell fabrication, as a result of allowing more photons to have access to the absorbing films and creating more photocurrents [ 4 , 22 ].…”
“…Figure 8 shows the band gap of the PbSnS thin film. Generally, band gap energy in semiconducting materials is mostly influenced by their structural defects, crystallinity, impurities, grain sizes as well as grain boundary disorders [22]. Figure 8, reveals that the samples have direct band transition with an estimated band gap of 1.68 eV.…”
Section: Determination Of the Optical Band Gapmentioning
Single phase lead tin sulfide (PbSnS) thin films have been successfully deposited on ITOcoated glass substrates using a 3-electrode electrochemical cell having graphite as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. In this single-step electrodeposition, the PbSnS precursor thin film was directly electrodeposited on the conductive substrate from the electrolytic bath solution which contained Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , SnCl 2 .2H 2 O and Na 2 S 2 O 3 . This was followed by annealing in air at 250 °C for an hour to improve the crystallinity. The annealed films were characterized by a variety of techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed peaks which were indexed to the orthorhombic phase of PbSnS with preferred orientation along the (112) plane. Seebeck coefficient studies confirmed the type of charge carrier of the film. SEM micrographs showed a compact morphology composed of spherically shaped well defined grains covering the entire substrate. EDAX analysis of the film was consistent with the formation of PbSnS. Optical absorption measurements revealed the existence of a direct transition with an estimated band gap of 1.68 eV
“…Interestingly, some authors had worked on this concept of corrugated boundaries and other related wave propagation phenomena [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Also, certain discussions on materials [30][31][32][33] could aid understanding of material characterizations.…”
The present investigation envisages on the Mathematical modeling of waves propagating in a porous micropolar fibre-reinforced structure in a half-space and liquid interface. The harmonic method of wave analysis is utilized, such that, the reflection and transmission of waves in the media were modelled and it’s equations of motion analytically derived. It was deduced that incident longitudinal wave in the solid structure yielded four reflected waves given as; quasi–P wave (qLD), quasi–SV wave, quasi–transverse microrotational (qTM) wave and a wave due to voids and one transmitted wave known as the quasi-longitudinal transmitted (qLT) wave. The phase velocity in the liquid medium is independent of angle of propagation as observed. The corresponding amplitude ratios of propagations for both reflected and transmitted waves are analytically derived by employing Snell’s law. The model would prove to be of relevance in the understanding of modeling of the behavior of propagation phenomena of waves in micropolar fibre-reinforecd machination systems resulting in solid/liquid interfaces especially in earth sciences and in particular seismology, amongst others.
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