Depositional Chemistry and Hydrology

Warren, John K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_2

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 322 publications

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“…Fine lamination of halite deposits may be used for high temporal resolution recorders, provided that the processes governing the temporal and spatial variations of degree of saturation are well explored. The existence of natural halite saturated brines is associated with dry environments where a negative water balance results in increasing salinity [ Warren , ]. Once saturation is achieved, continuous negative water balance is followed by a precipitation of halite, which maintains saturation of the residual brine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea

Sirota

Arnon

Lensky

2016

Water Resources Research

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Hypersaline lakes and seas were common in the past, precipitating thick evaporitic salt deposits. The only modern analogue for the paleolimnology of deep salt‐saturated aquatic environments exists in the Dead Sea. In this study, we present new insights from the Dead Sea on the role of seasonal thermohaline stratification and water balance on the seasonal and depth variations of the degree of saturation of halite (salt) and the rate of halite growth along the water column. We developed methodologies to accurately determine the empirical degree of halite saturation of the lake based on high accuracy densitometry, and to quantify halite growth rate along the water column. During summer, the epilimnion is undersaturated and halite is dissolved, whereas during winter the entire water column is supersaturated and crystallizes halite. This result is not trivial because the variations in the water balance suggest the opposite; summer is associated with higher loss of water by evaporation from the lake compared to the winter. Hence, the thermal effect overcomes the hydrological balance effect and thus governs the seasonal saturation cycle. The hypolimnion is supersaturated with respect to halite and crystallizes throughout the year, with higher super saturation and higher crystallization rates during winter. During summer, simultaneous opposing environments coexist—an undersaturated epilimnion that dissolves halite and a supersaturated hypolimnion that crystallizes halite, which results in focusing of halite deposits in the deep hypolimnetic parts of the evaporitic basins and thinning the shallow epilimnetic deposits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea

Sirota

Arnon

Lensky

2016

Water Resources Research

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“…Grant [ 6 ] and Warren [ 7 ] argued that soda lake formation depends on low levels of dissolved calcium and magnesium among the cations as a result of carbonate precipitation. This process determines the chemical genesis of a soda brine environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soda-lake waters also commonly have high concentrations of chloride, variable concentrations of sulfate and potassium, but they have very low concentrations of alkaline earths [ 4 ], because of the equilibrium state with carbonate minerals (calcite, high-magnesium calcite, strontianite, etc.). Since soda-lake formation depends on low levels of dissolved calcium and magnesium, as well as on the dominance of bicarbonate (HCO 3 – >> Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ), they represent the most stable high-pH environments (pH > 9) on Earth, which clearly distinguishes them from other inland saline waters [ 5 – 7 ]. The “Precambrian explosion” of prokaryote diversity might have taken place in alkaline environments [ 8 ], therefore, alkaline soda lakes are hypothesized to have been appropriate habitats of ancient prokaryotic communities [ 9 ], when the Archaean ocean was possibly dominated by Na-Cl-HCO 3 and did not resemble the Na-Cl ocean of today [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the defining chemical properties of soda lakes and pans: An assessment on a large geographic scale of Eurasian inland saline surface waters

Boros

Kolpakova

2018

PLoS ONE

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the definition of water chemical type, with particular attention to soda brine characteristics by assessing ionic composition and pH values on a large geographic scale and broad salinity (TDS) range of Eurasian inland saline surface waters, in order to rectify the considerable confusion about the exact chemical classification of soda lakes and pans. Data on pH and on the concentration of eight major ions were compiled into a database drawn from Austria, China, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey. The classification was primarily based on dominant ions exceeding an equivalent percentage of 25 (> 25e%) of the total cations or anions, and the e% rank of dominant ions was also identified. We identified four major types: waters dominated by (1) Na-HCO3 (10.0%), (2) Na-HCO3 + CO3 (31.4%), (3) Na-Cl (45.9%), and (4) Na-SO4 (12.7%), considering only the first ion by e% rank. These major types can be divided into 30 subtypes in the dataset, taking into account the e% rank of all dominant ions. The major and subtypes of soda brine can be divided into “Soda” and “Soda-Saline” types. “Soda type” when Na+ and HCO3– + CO32– are the first in the rank of dominant ions (> 25e%), and “Soda-Saline type” when Na+ is the first in the rank of dominant cations and the sum of HCO3– + CO32– concentration exceeds 25e%, but it is not the first in the rank of dominant anions. Soda-saline type can be considered as a separate evolutionary stage between Soda and Saline types respect to the geochemical interpretation by saturation indexes of brines. The obtained overlapping ranges in distribution demonstrate that a pH measurement alone is not a reliable indicator to classify the permanent alkaline “soda type” and various other types of temporary alkaline waters.

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“…It is now well established that clay desorption can affect marine pore-waters without releasing Cl [47]. Figure 5A indicates that some SR samples lie in the δ 11 B range corresponding to clay desorption, reflecting the fact that several factors may have modified their initial isotope compositions, for example: multiple transgressions and regressions [30], multiple evaporation and recrystallization cycles [48] or meteoric dilution [49]. Possibly, complex tectonics at the Neoproterozoic time, were responsible for marine or fresh water evaporate deposition of study area.…”

Section: Boron Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…On the other hand, the brines and some of the NB and MWP samples indicate a Ca-Cl type origin. These samples also reveal information about the reigning paleoclimatic conditions as during the Phanerozoic (~550-600 Ma) seawater shifted from a dominantly Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl (Ca-rich) brine towards a Na-K-Mg-Cl-SO 4 (SO 4 -rich) type [48]. These variations are associated with fluctuations in the seafloor spreading rates, changes in the global sea level, and with the key marine carbonates and evaporites mineralogies [52].…”

Section: Boron Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Unraveling Sources and Climate Conditions Prevailing during the Deposition of Neoproterozoic Evaporites Using Coupled Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositions (δ11B): The Example of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan

Hussain

Han

et al. 2021

Minerals

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In this study, the ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, Br−, NO3−, and B3+) and boron isotope compositions (δ11B) of 34 halite and brines samples from the Neoproterozoic Salt Range Formation, Punjab, Pakistan were studied. Relation among B3+ vs. Mg2+, B3+ vs. SO42−, δ11B vs. B3+, and δ11B vs K+ were observed, they indicated that these elements originate from multiple sources and the end members were identified as seawater, B desorption from clays, and meteoric precipitation. Halite samples of the area under study displayed a Na-HCO3-type to Ca-Cl type sedimentary basin of deposition, on δ11B vs. 1/B plot. Molar ratios of B/Cl vs. δ11B revealed the addition of B in some of the studied samples from desorption of clay minerals. This type of diagenetic desorption of B from clays is the consequence of a stress driven mechanism, generated in the proximity of a decollement zone. Results confirm that the number of B stable isotopes that fractionate between the brine and the halite is low. The halite δ11B from the Salt Range Formation vary from +2.1 to +24.4‰, compared to +17.3 to +26.1‰ in the salt pool brines, and suggest that boron isotope compositions are controlled by the δ11B of the B sources. The positive relationship between the boron content and the corresponding δ11B indicates a higher salinity and drier paleoclimate conditions during the formation process, associated with a high evaporation rate in the Late Neoproterozoic time. Presence of elevated δ11B in the present study, demonstrate compatibility with other marine basins of the world, arising the need for further investigations to better characterize the 11B-enriching processes.

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Depositional Chemistry and Hydrology

Cited by 9 publications

References 322 publications

Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea

Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea

A review of the defining chemical properties of soda lakes and pans: An assessment on a large geographic scale of Eurasian inland saline surface waters

Unraveling Sources and Climate Conditions Prevailing during the Deposition of Neoproterozoic Evaporites Using Coupled Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositions (δ11B): The Example of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan

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