Depositional processes of black shales in deep water

Stow, Dorrik; Huc, A.; Bertrand, Philìppe

doi:10.1016/s0264-8172(01)00012-5

Cited by 150 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…contouritic sedimentation, turbidity currents, hyperpycnal and debris flows, slides and slumps (Stow et al, 2001). It has been amply demonstrated in the literature that black shales are much more varied than often assumed, and that casual inspection of hand samples is in most cases insufficient to determine the physical processes that led to their formation (Rine and Ginsburg, 1985;Macquaker et al, 2007Macquaker et al, , 2010Schieber and Southard, 2009;Schieber, 2011;TrabuchoAlexandre et al, 2011TrabuchoAlexandre et al, , 2012.…”

Section: J Trabucho-alexandre Et Al: Black Shales and The Wilson Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) black shales, can differ significantly (e.g. Stow et al, 2001;. Nevertheless, emphasis was placed on the chemical characteristics of seawater (Didyk et al, 1978), especially on oxygen depletion (but cf.…”

Section: Existing Depositional Models For Ancient Black Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, this model is an oversimplification of the variety of environments and processes that may lead to an enrichment of organic matter in marine sediments (e.g. Stow et al, 2001). Furthermore, some ancient environments of black shale deposition in the open ocean, e.g.…”

Section: Existing Depositional Models For Ancient Black Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ledwell et al, 2000), promotes an effective ventilation of the entire water column, and, in combination with the long settling times of particulate material from the euphotic zone to the seafloor, preservation of organic matter is very low. Nevertheless, slope instability processes, especially in organic matter-rich successions where diagenetic gas generation within slope sediments is an additional factor, may promote the transfer of part of the organic matter-rich sediments towards deeper, more distal settings where they are preserved as fine-grained, organic matter-rich turbidites (Degens et al, 1986;Stow et al, 2001;Trabucho-Alexandre et al, 2011). Examples of such turbidites may be found as deep sea Cretaceous black shales in the northern North Atlantic (e.g.…”

Section: Juvenile Spreading Centre and Expanding Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temporal and spatial distribution of black shales, a key factor controlling the occurrence of petroleum (White, 1993;Otis and Schneidermann, 1997), is related to the development in time and space of environments in which black shales may accumulate and to a propitious combination of environmental variables: organic productivity, subsequent preservation of organic matter and appropriate sedimentation rates (Katz, 2005;Tyson, 2005). The preservation of organic matter is, in turn, dependent on several (partly) independent and interacting variables such as organic matter type, sea water oxygenation, sediment grain size, burial rates and natural vulcanisation processes (Stow et al, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phanerozoic environments of black shale deposition and the Wilson Cycle

Trabucho‐Alexandre

Hay²,

Boer

2012

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution of black shales is related to the development of environments in which they accumulate and to a propitious combination of environmental variables. In recent years, much has been done to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the temporal distribution of black shales in the Phanerozoic and of the environmental variables that result in their deposition. However, the interpretation of ancient black shale depositional environments is dominated by an oversimplistic set of three depositional models that do not capture their complexity and dynamics. These three models, the restricted circulation, the (open) ocean oxygen minimum and the continental shelf models, are an oversimplification of the variety of black shale depositional environments that arise and coexist throughout the course of a basin's Wilson Cycle, i.e. the dynamic sequence of events and stages that characterise the evolution of an ocean basin, from the opening continental rift to the closing orogeny. We examine the spatial distribution of black shales in the context of the Wilson Cycle using examples from the Phanerozoic. It is shown that the geographical distribution of environments of black shale deposition and the position of black shales in the basin infill sequence strongly depend on basin evolution, which controls the development of sedimentary environments where black shales may be deposited. The nature of the black shales that are deposited, i.e. lithology and type of organic matter, also depends on basin evolution and palaeogeography. We propose that in studies of black shales more attention should be given to the sedimentary processes that have led to their formation and to the interpretation of their sedimentary environments.

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Section: J Trabucho-alexandre Et Al: Black Shales and The Wilson Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Existing Depositional Models For Ancient Black Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Existing Depositional Models For Ancient Black Shalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Juvenile Spreading Centre and Expanding Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phanerozoic environments of black shale deposition and the Wilson Cycle

Trabucho‐Alexandre

Hay²,

Boer

2012

Solid Earth

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Organic Matter‐Rich Shale Depositional Environments

Trabucho‐Alexandre

2015

Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs

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2.1 INTRODUCTIONShale is the most abundant rock type available at the surface of our planet and makes up about two-thirds of the stratigraphic record (Garrels and Mackenzie, 1969). The term "shale" 1 refers to all sedimentary rocks composed predominantly of mud 2 (>4ϕ or <0.0625 mm) particles (cf. Tourtelot, 1960, p. 342). Mud particles may be terrigenous, biogenous, or hydrogenous. Terrigenous-or siliciclastic-mud is always detrital, that is, produced by weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks, and comes into the depositional environment as individual particles and/or as aggregates. Biogenous mud is made by organisms, and includes a skeletal and an organic component. Skeletal mud may be calcareous or siliceous. Some benthic protozoans (agglutinated forams) build their tests by cementing terrigenous and other particles with an organic ligand. Some quartz silt aggregates in shales represent the collapsed or compacted tests of these organisms (Pike and Kemp, 1996;Schieber, 2009). When a shale is characterized by an organic matter content higher than the average marine shale (ca. 0.5%, Arthur, 1979), it is referred to as an organic matter-rich shale or, more commonly, a black shale. 3 Hydrogenous mud precipitates out of solution directly, either from seawater or from interstitial water during diagenesis, and it includes oxides and hydroxides, silicates, for example, zeolites and clay minerals, heavy metal sulfides, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates. Clay minerals are therefore not only terrigenous, but they may also be hydrogenous, that is, formed in situ. Biogenous and hydrogenous mud may be detrital, that is, recycled from older deposits, in which case their origin is biochemical, but their texture will be clastic. The composition of the detrital fraction of a shale depends on the petrology of its source areas and on the intensity and effectiveness of chemical weathering.

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Phanerozoic Large Igneous Province, Petroleum System, and Source Rock Links

Bergman¹,

Eldrett

Minisini

2021

Geophysical Monograph Series

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This chapter summarizes geochronologic and other data for major Phanerozoic Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) and organic-rich petroleum source rocks. It also evaluates the models that support or refute genetic links between the three groups. The evidence appears to favor genetic links between the three groups, however, additional high precision age and geochemical data are needed to validate several events. Furthermore, the chapter provides insights into the importance of LIPs in hydrocarbon exploration.

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Depositional processes of black shales in deep water

Cited by 150 publications

References 18 publications

Phanerozoic environments of black shale deposition and the Wilson Cycle

Phanerozoic environments of black shale deposition and the Wilson Cycle

Organic Matter‐Rich Shale Depositional Environments

Phanerozoic Large Igneous Province, Petroleum System, and Source Rock Links

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