Depression: A Self-Presentation Formulation

Hill, Martha G.; Weary, Gifford; Williams, Joan P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_11

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…It is quite plausible that the true low end of the self-esteem continuum is clinical depression (Beck, 1967). Clinically depressed people may in fact view themselves in extremely negative ways, although there is controversy about this (Hill, Weary, & Williams, 1986). Our point is simply that university students and other normal samples typically yield very few earnest self-derogators.…”

Section: Scoring Low On Self-esteem Scalesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem

Baumeister

Tice

Hutton

1989

Journal of Personality

764

535

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AWTRACT This article discusses the interpersonal motivations associated with different levels of self-esteem. Although self-esteem literally refers to an intrapsychic attitude, we propose that self-esteem scales often measure a selfpresentational orientation. High self-esteem scores associated with a tendency to present oneself in a self-enhancing fashion that is characterized by willingness to accept risks, focus on outstandingly good qualities, strategic ploys, and calling attention to self. Low self-esteem scores are associated with a tendency to present oneself in a self-protective fashion that is characterized by unwillingness to accept risks, focus on avoiding outstandingly bad qualities, avoidance of many strategic ploys, and reluctance to draw attention to self, Considerable evidence shows that most people rate themselves as above average on self-esteem scales; relatively few people score below any self-esteem scale's conceptual midpoint. Review of past literature yields the following conclusions: (a) Low scores on self-esteem scales arc typically the result of neutral and intermediate rather than selfderogatory responses to scale items; (b) behavioral correlates of measured self-esteem sometimes depend on self-presentational variables such as audience presence; and (c) many past findings with self-esteem scales may be interpretable in self-presentational terms.The term self-esteem denotes an intrapsychic structure: an attitude about the self. Numerous scales have been designed to measure this cognition (e.g., Coopersmith). ' Ib predict behavior on this basis, it is necessary to argue we thank Jonathon Brown, Brett Rlham, and Williani B. Swann, Jr., for comments on an earlier draft of this article. Address correspondence to Roy F. Baumister, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. Journafofpcrsonafity 57:3, September 1989. Copyright 0 1989 by Duke University press. CCC 0022-3506/89/%1.50Self-Esteem and Self-Presentation 549 self-esteem. Empirical evidence does not fully support that view, however, for although people with high self-esteem are indeed generally more confident than those with low self-esteem, there is nothing approaching a general tendency for those with high self-esteem to perform better (Brockner & Hulton, 1978;Campbell & Fairey, 1985).Apart from these limited areas, a purely intrapsychic construct of selfesteem seemingly offers little basis for predicting and interpreting behavior. If some interpersonally motivational aspects are added, however, self-esteem theory can predict a wider range of behaviors.The interpersonal side of self-esteem is implicated in evidence that self-esteem interacts with publicness in determining behavior. Public circumstances are defined by the presence (or awareness) of others, so they clearly raise interpersonal motives that may be absent in private settings. In particular, manipulations of publicness are generally understood to raise self-presentational motivations (Baumeister, 1982a;Schlenker, 1980; Tedeschi, 1981 ). T...

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Section: Scoring Low On Self-esteem Scalesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem

Baumeister

Tice

Hutton

1989

Journal of Personality

764

535

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“…Indeed, if the noise a¤ecting the past performance is recurrent (e.g., the agent is likely to be discriminated again in the future if he has been in the past), then the excuse may discourage rather than encourage the agent. 24 We have not yet discussed the credibility of the principal's disclosure. Credibility is no issue if the information is "hard" (i.e., if the agent can verify the veracity of the information).…”

Section: Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They want to verify that they are not unworthy nor unloved, and therefore look for sympathy and reassurance (Cohen 1954, Coyne 1976). Yet, paradoxically, they are often unreceptive to the positive feedback which others may o¤er (see, e.g., Hill et al 1986). Finally, they are willing to incur disapproval costs in order to avoid demands to perform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Confidence and Social Interactions

Bénabou¹,

Tirole²

2000

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This paper studies the interactions between an individual's self-esteem and his social environment -in the workplace, at school, and in personal relationships. Because a person generally has only imperfect knowledge of his own abilities, people who derive benefits from his performance (parent, spouse, friend, teacher, manager, etc.) have incentives to manipulate his self-confidence.We first study situations where an informed principal chooses an incentive structure, such as offering payments or rewards, delegating a task, or giving encouragement. We show that extrinsic rewards may have hidden costs -as stressed by psychologists-in that they undermine intrinsic motivation.As a result, they may be only weak reinforcers in the short run, and become negative reinforcers once withdrawn. Similarly, empowerment is likely to increase motivation, while offers of help may create a dependance. More generally, we identify when the hidden costs of rewards are a myth or a reality.We next consider situations where people criticize or downplay the performance of their spouse, child, colleague, or subordinate. We formalize ego-bashing as reflecting battles for dominance or authority within the relationship. Finally, we turn to the self-presentation strategies of privately informed agents. We study in particular how depressed individuals may engage in self-deprecation as a way of seeking leniency (a lowering of expectancies) or a "helping hand" on various obligations.

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“…Observations must be taken about once a minute to resolve these motions and then averaged over several cycles to remove this oscillatory signal from the steady flows. Hill (1986) has investigated this problem by taking successively longer averages of a series of velocity observations taken at 63 s intervals. He finds that after about 1 h the differences between the averages is reduced to a level of about 5 m s -1 at each 1" x 1" pixel.…”

Section: Data Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherical harmonic analysis of steady photospheric flows

Hathaway

1987

Sol Phys

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Steady photospheric flows can be represented by a spectrum of spherical harmonic modes. A technique is described in which full disc doppler velocity measurements are analysed using the spherical harmonic functions to determine the characteristics of this spectrum and the nature of these flows. Synthetic data is constructed for testing this technique. This data contains limb shift, rotation, differential rotation, meridional circulation, supergranules, giant cells and various levels of noise.The data is analysed in several steps. First, the limb shift is calculated by finding the average velocity in concentric rings about disc center. A polynomial representation of the limb shift is then removed from the data. Secondly, the rotation profile is calculated by finding an average slope in the velocity across the disc at each latitude position. This rotation profile is fit with Legendre polynomials and removed from the data. The third step is to find the meridional circulation by calculating the spherical harmonic transform for the axisymmetric poloidal modes and correcting for the effects of the limb shift analysis. The final step is to calculate the full spectrum of spherical harmonic components for the convective flows. Supergranules are separated from giant cells by spectral filtering for high (1 > 32) and low (l < 32) wavenumbers, respectively. Some information about the spectrum is lost because only one hemisphere is seen, only the line-of-sight velocity is measured and the measurements contain noise. The lack of information about the motions on the backside of the Sun produces a broad smearing of the spectrum into nearby modes. The lack of information about the transverse velocity component produces a mixing between modes whose longitudinal wavenumbers differ by two and between the poloidal and toroidal components with the same wavenumber. In spite of this mode mixing much can be learned from this analysis. Solar rotation and differential rotation can be accurately measured and monitored for secular changes. Meridional circulations with small amplitudes can be measured and monitored and giant ceils can be separated from supergranules.

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Depression: A Self-Presentation Formulation

Cited by 19 publications

References 50 publications

Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem

Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem

Self-Confidence and Social Interactions

Spherical harmonic analysis of steady photospheric flows

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