Depression and anxiety among pregnant mothers in the initial stage of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the southwest of Iran

Maharlouei, Najmeh; Keshavarz, Pedram; Salemi, Niloufar; Lankarani, Kamran Bagheri

doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01167-y

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Education is an important factor related to the development of anxiety and depression during pregnancy. Although our results only found higher risk of depression in pregnant women with low education levels, pregnant women with low education levels have been reported to be a high risk of developing both anxiety and depressive symptoms [8,37]. This may be explained…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…Of the ten excluded studies, two papers were reviews, seven papers lacked enough data, and one paper was excluded with duplicated data [22] and the updated data were included [23]. Finally, 17 studies [1,8,12,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] met the inclusion criteria for this study, including 15,050 pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The details in selected studies were listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by the fact that pregnant mothers with a high level of education had more awareness and were easier to access the correct information of COVID-19 pandemic than low-educated pregnant mothers [8,38], and were better adapted to pandemic conditions [39].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pregnant women are more likely to develop anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in women's hormone levels may lead to an increased chance of depression progression twice that of men, especially during the reproductive period and pregnancy [8]. Thus, women are more likely to experience anxiety and depression symptoms during COVID-19 than men [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis

Luo

Zhang

Huang³

2022

PLoS ONE

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Background The prevalence of anxiety and depression in pregnant women has significantly increased after the spread of COVID-19 throughout the world. We carried out this meta-analysis to reveal the information about risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We searched the PubMed, Embase and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases for all articles. The odds ratio (OR) corresponding to the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the risk factors for mental health. The statistical heterogeneity among studies was assessed with the Q-test and I2 statistics. Results We collected 17 studies including 15,050 pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results found that factors including decrease in the perception of general support and difficulties in household finances have damage effects on anxiety, and factors including undereducated, unemployed during pregnancy, with a chronic physical illness before pregnancy, decrease in the perception of general support, difficulties in household finances, disobey the isolation rules, and smoking during pregnancy have increased risk of depression. Conclusion Our meta-analysis revealed some risk factors for mental health in pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health interventions in pregnant women may involve targeted methods individually.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Characteristics Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis

Luo

Zhang

Huang³

2022

PLoS ONE

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“…Ayaz et al carried out a study in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic period, and it was reported that the depression levels of pregnant women are above the moderate level (Ayaz et al, 2020 ). Maharlouei et al reported that the depression levels of pregnant women in Iran were above the moderate level (Maharlouei et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between the Fear of Covid-19, Depression, and Spiritual Well-Being in Pregnant Women

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between pregnant women's fear of coronavirus (COVID-19), depression, and spiritual well-being. This cross-sectional research was carried out with 336 pregnant women living in a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey between the 1st of March and 30th of March 2021. For data collection, the scales of the Fear of COVID-19, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spiritual Well-being were administered to the participants. The pregnant women’s fear of COVID-19 was found to be at a moderate level, their depression was at a mild level, and their spiritual well-being was above the moderate level. It was found that there was a significant negative correlation between the spiritual well-being levels of pregnant women and their fear of COVID-19 and depression. Moreover, it was also found that there was a significant positive correlation between pregnant women’s levels of fear of COVID-19 and depression ( p < 0.001). It is recommended that relevant spiritual care practices can be disseminated and implemented effectively to reduce pregnant women’s fear and depression during the pandemic. In addition, when providing care to pregnant women, health professionals can adopt a holistic approach to increase pregnant women’s spiritual well-being.

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Prevalence of Perinatal Anxiety and Related Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Roddy Mitchell,

Gordon,

Atkinson

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders are associated with poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are thought to be disproportionally burdened by these disorders, yet their prevalence is unclear.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of 6 anxiety and related disorders among perinatal women in LMICs.Data SourcesEmbase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until September 7, 2023.Study SelectionStudies conducted in World Bank–defined LMICs and reporting prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, or adjustment disorder during the perinatal period (conception to 12 months post partum) using a validated method were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisThis study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. Study eligibility, extracted data, and risk of bias of included studies were assessed by 2 independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled point prevalence. Subgroup analyses were performed by specific anxiety disorder.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were prevalence estimates of each anxiety disorder, measured as percentage point estimates and corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsAt total of 10 617 studies were identified, 203 of which met the inclusion criteria and reported the outcomes of 212 318 women from 33 LMICs. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most reported (184 studies [90.6%]) and most prevalent disorder at 22.2% (95% CI, 19.4%-25.0%; n = 173 553). Posttraumatic stress disorder was the second most prevalent (8.3%; 95% CI, 5.0%-12.2%; 33 studies; n = 22 452). Adjustment disorder was least prevalent (2.9%; 95% CI, 0.0%-14.1%; 2 studies; n = 475). The prevalence of generalized anxiety varied by country income status, with the highest prevalence among lower-middle–income countries (27.6%; 95% CI, 21.6%-33.9%; 59 studies; n = 25 109), followed by low-income (24.0%; 95% CI, 15.3%-33.8%; 11 studies; n = 4961) and upper-middle–income (19.1%; 95% CI, 16.0%-22.4%; 110 studies; n = 138 496) countries.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that 1 in 5 women living in LMICs experience anxiety disorders during pregnancy and post partum. Targeted action is needed to reduce this high burden.

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Depression and anxiety among pregnant mothers in the initial stage of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the southwest of Iran

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis

Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from meta-analysis

The Relationship between the Fear of Covid-19, Depression, and Spiritual Well-Being in Pregnant Women

Prevalence of Perinatal Anxiety and Related Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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