Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID‑19)

Abstract

Aim of the study:To evaluate the presence and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients who recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 . Material and methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, patients who had recovered from COVID-19 were assessed between February and April 2021. The symptoms reported by patients were evaluated using a questionnaire developed by the authors based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess their depressive symptoms and anxiety. Results: Of the 102 patients, 45 (44%) were men, and the mean age (± standard deviation -SD) was 52 ±13 years. The mean time interval (±SD) between COVID-19 diagnosis and the examination was 56 ±18 days. Seventy-eight (76%) patients were treated at home, while 24 (23.5%) were hospitalized. Fatigue, cognitive impairment ("brain fog"), breathlessness, and cough were the most frequently reported complaints. Median scores of the BDI, state-anxiety (STAI 1) and trait-anxiety (STAI 2) were 7 (interquartile range, IQR = 10), 38 (IQR = 13), and 40.5 (IQR = 14), respectively. Mild depressive symptoms were observed in almost 30% of patients. Women scored significantly higher than men. Conclusions: Patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19 show increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, the intensity of which was more pronounced in women. From the clinical perspective, physicians should be aware of the anxiety and depressive symptoms of the post-COVID-19 syndrome. Depression and anxiety in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID-19)Objawy depresji i lęku u pacjentów po przebyciu choroby koronawirusowej

Risk factors for psychiatric symptoms in patients with long COVID: A systematic review

“…Six studies used univariate analysis to identify risk factors for depression [16,18,20,21,24,25]. Being female was associated with depression in four studies [16,20,21,24].…”

“…Six studies used univariate analysis to identify risk factors for depression [16,18,20,21,24,25]. Being female was associated with depression in four studies [16,20,21,24]. In contrast, studies by Menges et al [22] and Grover et al [34] found that there were not any correlations between sex and depression.…”

“…Laboratory results, including neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) upon admission [16], higher interleukin-6 (IL-6), and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) [25], were associated with depression. Then, some variables related to COVID-19, including loss of family member due to COVID-19, self-perception of the COVID-19 severity, persistent COVID-19 symptoms [16], moderate COVID-19 severity group (defined by having fever, respiratory symptoms, and imaging findings of pneumonia) [18], and hospitalization [20], were found to be associated with depression.…”

Prevalence, risk factors and treatments for post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Substantial heterogeneity across studies was observed in each of the three meta-analyses (I 2 =98.8%, 97.4% and 95.9%, respectively; p<0.001). ASADI-POOYA [24] AUL [91] AYDIN [65] BALDINI [62] FERNÁNDEZ-DE-LAS-PEÑAS [105] SUÁREZ-ROBLES [128] DARCIS [101] DREYER [103] ZAYET [137] YOMOGIDA [34] VENTURELLI [135] VARGHESE [134] TAYLOR [131] TAWFIK [14] SZEKELY [66] SULTANA [129] STAVEM [127] SONNWEBER [58] RIGHI [123] PELUSO [13] O'SULLIVAN [122] O'KEEFE [121] NAIK [54] MOTIEJUNAITE [64] MECHI [44] MALLIA [115] KLEIN [111] GABER [106] EROL [25] DIAZ-FUENTES [102] DANKOWSKI [100] CARFI [96] CORTÉS-TELLES [69] CARVALHO-SCHNEIDER [97] BOARI [94] VIJAYAKUMAR [65] Total (I 2 =95.9%, p<0.001) ZHANG [39] D'CRUZ [35] D'CRUZ [35] TODT [132] TAYLOR [131] SKJORTEN [38] DAYNES [10] APARISI [26] DE GRAAF [61] YIN …”

“…The influential analysis indicated no single study had a major impact on the pooled prevalence estimate (supplementary table 3). [63] BALDINI [62] BELL [92] DARCIS [101] CARFI [96] CARVALHO-SCHNEIDER [97] CORTÉS-TELLES [59] DANKOWSKI [100] DIAZ-FUENTES [102] DREYER [103] EROL [25] GABER [106] GALVÁN-TEJADA [19] ÇALIK KÜTÜKCÜ [95] BOARI [94] MORADIAN [117] MEIJE [56] MAHMUD [114] LANDI [112] JACOBS [109] KLEIN [111] MALLIA [115] COMEBAC STUDY GROUP [85] MOTIEJUNAITE [64] GHOSN [11] GARRIGUES [53] FORTINI [36] BLOMBERG [93] ARNOLD [89] AUGUSTIN [90] ARMANAGE [88] SUÁREZ-ROBLES [128] VIJAYAKUMAR [65] VARGHESE [134] VENTURELLI [135] Subtotal (I 2 =97.8%, p<0.001) Heterogeneity between groups: p=0.014 ZHAO [138] TOSATO [133] SZEKELY [66] TAWLIK [14] TAYLOR [131] SUN [130] SHOUCRI [126] SULTANA [129] STAVEM [127] SONNWEBER ...…”