Depression and Associated Factors Among Refugees Amidst Covid-19 in Nakivale Refugee Camp in Uganda

Amir, Kabunga; Lucas, A. Barreiro de

doi:10.47363/jnrrr/2021(3)132

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Among the demographic characteristics of the respondents, older age (≥65 years) was associated with a decrease in depression or depressive symptoms ( 34 , 80 ) ( 35 , 45 , 59 , 81 , 94 ), while another study reported greater depression among middle-aged people (45–65 years) ( 58 ). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher among females than males ( 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 43 – 50 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 72 , 79 , 81 , 94 , 99 ). Marital status (i.e., being single, widowed, divorced, or separated) ( 59 , 67 , 79 ), living alone without family or having a lack of emotional support from family and society ( 71 , 97 ) ( 45 , 46 ), family size ≥ 3 ( 48 , 49 ) and living in an urban area ( 31 , 32 , 69 ) were found to significantly increase depression, with the exception of two studies ( 47 , 60 ) which indicated that married people were more than three times as likely to experience depression ( p < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bello

Kannan

Chutiyami³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundMedical and socio-economic uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have had a substantial impact on mental health. This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature reporting the prevalence of anxiety and depression among the general populace in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine associated risk factors.MethodsA systematic search of the following databases African Journal Online, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from database inception until 30th September 2021. Studies reporting the prevalence of anxiety and/or depression among the general populace in African settings were considered for inclusion. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Meta-analyses on prevalence rates were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.ResultsSeventy-eight primary studies (62,380 participants) were identified from 2,325 studies via electronic and manual searches. Pooled prevalence rates for anxiety (47%, 95% CI: 40–54%, I2 = 99.19%) and depression (48%, 95% CI: 39–57%, I2 = 99.45%) were reported across Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex (female) and history of existing medical/chronic conditions were identified as major risk factors for anxiety and depression.ConclusionsThe evidence put forth in this synthesis demonstrates the substantial impact of the pandemic on the pervasiveness of these psychological symptoms among the general population. Governments and stakeholders across continental Africa should therefore prioritize the allocation of available resources to institute educational programs and other intervention strategies for preventing and ameliorating universal distress and promoting psychological wellbeing.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021228023, PROSPERO CRD42021228023.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bello

Kannan

Chutiyami³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…In addition, a high prevalence of depression has consistently been found in the economically deprived groups in Uganda using the PHQ-9 at a cutoff of 10, such as refugees (range from 47% to 96%). 36,39,40 Individuals with depression who are involved in activities such as MSG to transition from poverty show a significant reduction in depressive symptoms (40.5% had recovered from depression in six weeks). 41 Despite this study recruiting women from an MSG, the prevalence of depression was high, a possible indicator of higher depression among women was not part of the MSG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression in Ugandan Rural Women Involved in a Money Saving Group: The Role of Spouse’s Unemployment, Extramarital Relationship, and Substance Use

Kaggwa¹,

Namatanzi²,

Kule³

et al. 2021

IJWH

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Background Rural women are highly prevalent to depression, where spouse-related factors, including extramarital affairs and poverty, intensify its likelihood of occurrence. However, women engaged with a Money-Saving Group (MSG) are financially self-dependent, which can reduce the risk of depression suffering. Despite this, there is less study among this cohort, which led us to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of depression among the Ugandan women involved in MSG. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in Uganda among rural married or cohabiting women aged 18 to 45 years engaged in MSG. The survey was carried out within a total of 153 participants (33.3 ± 6.7 years) in April 2021. Information related to socio-demographic of the participants, their spouse characteristics, and depression were collected. Results About 65.4% of the participants had depressive symptoms (based on the cutoff 10/27 at the PHQ-9). But, 8.15 times (CI: 2.83–23.44, p <0.001) and 16.69 times (CI: 4.85–57.39, p <0.001), higher risk of depression were observed, if the participants’ spouses were using an addictive substance and had been involved in an extramarital relationship, respectively. Similarly, there was an increased likelihood of depression when the participant or spouse was unemployed. Conclusion This study observed a higher prevalence of depression, which suggests paying attention to this cohort. Thus, there should be routine screening for depression among married women involved in MSG at lower-level health facilities in rural settings, especially those with spouses engaged in substance use, having an extramarital relationship, and being unemployed.

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“…In addition, the country also has low levels of education to enable the majority of the population to comprehend the tool in its raw form-English (15). The country also has multiple refugee groups from different neighboring countries (e.g., Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Somali, and Ethiopia), all with different dialects (16)(17)(18)(19), and various disease conditions whose symptoms may lead to false positives with the tool such as TB and cancers, with masked symptoms such as loss of energy, anhedonia, loss of appetite, and poor sleep (12). In line with the issues mentioned above, the accuracy of depression detection by the PHQ-9 has limited generalizability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometrics of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Uganda: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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BackgroundDepression is screened by many psychological tools, whereas the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most commonly used self-administered tools. Uganda is a culturally diverse country with a wide variety of tribes, ethnic groups, languages, and disease conditions; it is urgent to know the psychometrics of the used PHQ-9 across different cohorts. However, there is no prior review to assess its reliability in this culturally diverse country, where this review fulfills the knowledge gap.MethodsAdhering to the PRISMA guideline, a systematic search was performed in several databases (i.e., PubMed, Africa-Wide Information, AJOL, and PsycINFO, among others), and a total of 51 articles were included in this review, confirming the study inclusion criteria (e.g., using the PHQ-9).ResultsThe PHQ-9 has been used among individuals above 10 years and both genders, and the tool has been used most among the HIV patient group (n = 28). The tool is frequently administered by interviews and has been translated into several languages (mostly Luganda, n = 31). A cutoff of 10 was commonly used to identify clinical or major depression (n = 23), and its prevalence ranged from 8 to 67%. It has been validated for use in two populations, (i) HIV-positive participants and (ii) the general population attending a health facility. The sensitivity and specificity were 92 and 89%, respectively, at a cutoff score of 10, whereas 67 and 78%, respectively, at a cutoff score of 5. The Cronbach alpha ranged between 0.68 and 0.94.ConclusionThe PHQ-9 has been used in several studies in Uganda but validated in only two populations and is commonly used in one language. Thus, validation of the tool in various populations and languages is warranted to improve the tool's acceptance in Uganda.

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Depression and Associated Factors Among Refugees Amidst Covid-19 in Nakivale Refugee Camp in Uganda

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Depression in Ugandan Rural Women Involved in a Money Saving Group: The Role of Spouse’s Unemployment, Extramarital Relationship, and Substance Use

Psychometrics of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Uganda: A Systematic Review

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