Depression and Diabetes in Workers Across the Life Span: Addressing the Health of America’s Workforce—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014–2018

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Diabetes affects nearly 12.2% of U.S. adults. Comorbid depressive symptoms among U.S. workers with diabetes are associated with increased unemployment and reduced work performance. This study examined the age-group–specific prevalence of depression among U.S. workers with self-reported diabetes and identified factors associated with depression. METHODS Data from the 2014–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to examine the prevalence of depression among adult workers with diabetes in the United States. Relationships between depression prevalence and diabetes and demographic, physical, and behavioral risk factors were examined through bivariate and multivariable analyses. Age was categorized into four groups: 18–34, 35–54, 55–64, and ≥65 years. RESULTS The overall prevalence of self-reported depression among U.S. workers with diabetes was 17.4%—30% higher than among those without diabetes. Workers with diabetes aged 18–34 years had the highest depression prevalence (28.7%) compared with other age-groups. Female workers with diabetes were significantly more likely than male workers to report depression in all age-groups. Young adult workers with diabetes who had another chronic disease were nearly three times more likely to report depression than those without another chronic condition. There were no overlapping patterns of prevalence of diabetes and depression by state. CONCLUSION Workers with diabetes are at an increased risk of depression, which can affect their overall health and productivity. These findings indicate that, among those with diabetes, young adult workers and women are most likely to have depression. Employee wellness programs may address the specific needs of individuals with diabetes and depression.

Pharmacogenomics to support mental health medication therapy management: Clinical practice considerations and a conceptual framework to enhance patient care

“…Patients with severe and persistent mental illness have a 20-30 year reduction in lifespan and early death due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and they are susceptible to reduced access to medical healthcare. 13,14 Because of MTPs related to ineffectiveness, side effects, and adherence, a clinical pharmacist providing CMM is particularly wellpositioned to identify the need for additional monitoring such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), glucose, lipids, weight, and vital signs monitoring, as well as PGx testing. Having the recommended monitoring results available prior to (or at the time of) a patient care visit can significantly increase the pharmacist's efficiency and effectiveness to strategically guide medication-related interventions.…”

“…Patients often are not optimized on psychotropic medications due to ineffective and/or under‐managed medication therapy and intolerable side effects that often result in patients discontinuing treatment. Patients with severe and persistent mental illness have a 20–30 year reduction in lifespan and early death due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and they are susceptible to reduced access to medical healthcare 13,14 . Because of MTPs related to ineffectiveness, side effects, and adherence, a clinical pharmacist providing CMM is particularly well‐positioned to identify the need for additional monitoring such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), glucose, lipids, weight, and vital signs monitoring, as well as PGx testing.…”

Cognitive behavior therapy for diabetes distress, depression, health anxiety, quality of life and treatment adherence among patients with type-II diabetes mellitus: a randomized control trial

“…The prevalence of DD globally is around 45% which is quite high as it is a predictor of clinical outcomes among patients of T2DM [6] Poor self-care, poor self-management, and a reduced treatment adherence among patients with diabetes are some of the negative treatment outcomes associated with DD [7]. Depression is a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and lack of activity, usually occurring a i when the intensity of distress becomes high as frequent and unmanaged distress can sometimes lead to full-blown depression [8]. Many factors can lead to depression such as psychological, social, and biological and it can also present itself as a comorbid condition of chronic medical illnesses such as diabetes, [9].…”

Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Diabetes Distress, Depression, Health Anxiety, Quality of life and Treatment Adherence among patients with Type- II Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Control Trial

“…Frequent unmanaged distress leads to depression. Depression is a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and lack of activity [5]. Depression is a comorbid condition of chronic medical illnesses such as diabetes, and many factors can lead to depression, such as psychological, social, and biological [6].…”