Depression and Risk for Onset of Type II Diabetes: A prospective population-based study

Abstract

Major depressive disorder signals increased risk for onset of type II diabetes. Limitations of the findings arise from the difficulty in determining temporal order with two chronic conditions, even when the temporal order of measurement is clear. In addition, even though control variables were introduced for the use of health services, it is possible that the treatment for depression led to an earlier diagnosis of diabetes in this sample.

Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

“…After careful selection, 11 studies appeared to have studied the relation between depression and onset of type 2 diabetes longitudinally [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Searching the online PsycInfo database yielded no additional studies.…”

“…The pooled relative risk (95% CI) of studies that did control for undetected diabetes by screening all subjects for high blood glucose [14,15,19] was slightly higher, namely 1.54 (1.07-2.22). The four studies [10][11][12][13] that determined type 2 diabetes at follow-up by means of self-report had a pooled relative risk (95% CI) of 1.32 (0.98-1.78) ( Table 2). The studies that assessed diabetes onset by measuring glucose levels [14-16, 18, 19] instead of self-report, had a pooled relative risk (95% CI) of 1.43 (1.12-1.81).…”

Perinatal western‐type diet and associated gestational weight gain alter postpartum maternal mood

“…Data show that upward of 20% of parturient women suffer from a postpartum mood disorder with 7.1% of postpartum women experiencing a major depressive disorder, up to 19.2% experiencing any depression within 3 months of childbirth, and 8–12% of postpartum women experiencing an anxiety disorder, including generalized anxiety and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (Fairbrother, Janssen, Antony, Tucker, & Young, 2016; Gavin et al., 2005). Despite the many well‐documented negative effects of PPD/A on both maternal (Eaton, Armenian, Gallo, Pratt, & Ford, 1996; Joynt, Whellan, & O'Connor, 2003; Musselman, Evans, & Nemeroff, 1998; Norhayati, Hazlina, Asrenee, & Emilin, 2015; O'Hara & McCabe, 2013; Paul, Downs, Schaefer, Beiler, & Weisman, 2013; Yim, Tanner Stapleton, Guardino, Hahn‐Holbrook, & Dunkel Schetter, 2015) and child (Ashman, Dawson, & Panagiotides, 2008; Dawson et al., 2003; Elgar, McGrath, Waschbusch, Stewart, & Curtis, 2004; Glasheen, Richardson, & Fabio, 2010; Goodman & Brand, 2008; Goodman & Tully, 2007; Lundy & Field Jeffrey, 1996; Marchand & Hock, 1998; Stein et al., 2014; Zahn‐Waxler, Iannotti, Cummings, & Denham, 1990) health, the biological and psychosocial mechanisms through which PPD/A develop remain unclear (Deecher, Andree, Sloan, & Schechter, 2008; Pawluski, Lonstein, & Fleming, 2017; Payne, Palmer, & Joffe, 2009; Zonana & Gorman, 2005). Complicating our understanding of these mood disorders is the fact that PPD/A often occur comorbidly, with PPA frequently preceding PPD (Falah‐Hassani, Shiri, & Dennis, 2016; Reck et al., 2008), and there is growing consensus that anxiety may be a feature of PPD (Navarro et al., 2007).…”

Measurement of Brain Metabolites in Patients with type 2 Diabetes and Major Depression Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

“…This was estimated to be up to three times the prevalence of major depression in the general US adult population. Diabetes and major depression are mutual risk factors with diabetic patients more likely to develop major depression with an odds ratio of 2.5 according to one study (Palinkas et al, 2004) and depressed patients being more likely to develop type 2 diabetes with an estimated relative risk of 2.2 according to another study (Eaton et al, 1996). Depression also has a significant impact on the course of diabetes leading to higher rates of hyperglycemia and diabetic complications (de Groot et al, 2001;Lustman and Clouse, 2005).…”