“…Numerous brain regions are sensitive to both drugs and stress, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) ( Hollon et al, 2015 ; Newman et al, 2018 ; Calarco and Lobo, 2020 ). Indeed, both chronic stress and opioid exposure cause structural changes in the NAc that are thought to drive stress-susceptibility or increased drug intake ( Matsubara et al, 1999 ; Robinson et al, 2002 ; Spiga et al, 2005 ; Diana et al, 2006 ; Christoffel et al, 2011a , b ; Golden et al, 2013 ; Pal and Das, 2013 ; Graziane et al, 2016 ; Guegan et al, 2016 ; Kobrin et al, 2016 ; Francis et al, 2017 ; Cahill et al, 2018 ; Geoffroy et al, 2019 ; Fox et al, 2020a , b ).…”