Depression During COVID-19 Quarantine in South Korea: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

Kim, Yongjoo; Kwon, Hye-Young; Lee, Seungyoung; Kim, Chang-Bo

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.743625

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Our study demonstrated the association between the pandemic and depression, comparing the years immediately before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 using a PHQ-9 scale. Our results agree with those of many other studies and may be used as a policy-making guide for addressing the mental health deterioration of people resulting from the pandemic [ 56 , 57 ]. Since the outbreak, the Korean government has with great success focused on preventing the spread of the virus, which poses physical damage to people.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…There are few previous studies about depression during the pandemic. According to one study about quarantine, compared to those who did not go through quarantine, those who had experienced quarantine were more likely to have major depression [ 56 ]. This corresponds to our study, but the focus on quarantine differed from ours; social isolation and depression coming from the stay-at-home policy during the pandemic was the main point of our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population

Cha

Joo

Park

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study explored the association between Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and depression by comparing Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) results pre-pandemic (2019) and after the start of the pandemic (2020). Data of 444,051 participants (200,206 male (45.1%); 243,845 female (54.9%)) were obtained from the Korean Community Health Survey conducted from 2019 to 2020. The independent variable of interest in this study was the year, divided into binary categories, 2019 and 2020. The dependent variable was depression, measured by the PHQ-9 scale. This dependent variable was also binary, dividing those who are considered depressed or not by a cut-off score of 10. A logistic regression model was employed to examine the association. Our results reveal that compared to participants in 2019, patients from the study sample of 2020 were marginally more likely to be depressed, especially female patients (male OR: 1.092, 95% CI [0.998 to 1.195], female OR: 1.066, 95% CI [1.002 to 1.134]). Moreover, using the participants from the year 2019 as a reference group, those who appeared anxious in response to the COVID-19-related questions in the survey showed more tendency to have a PHQ-9 score of 10 or more. Compared to participants from the 2019 group, those from 2020 more likely to be depressed were those with no-one to contact in case of emergency due to COVID-19 (male OR: 1.45, 95% CI [1.26 to 1.66], female OR: 1.46, 95% CI [1.33 to 1.60]), and individuals with concerns regarding economic loss (male OR: 1.18, 95% CI [1.07 to 1.30], female OR: 1.11, 95% CI [1.04 to 1.18]) and infection of a vulnerable family member at home due to COVID-19 (male OR: 1.16, 95% CI [1.05 to 1.28], female OR: 1.09, 95% CI [ 1.02 to 1.16]).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population

Cha

Joo

Park

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…To better explain the relationship between depression and COVID-19, the factors influencing the formation of depression during COVID-19 were examined. Regarding social factors, the pressure from rising house prices ( 81 ), negative news spread on social media ( 82 ), the anxiety caused by social isolation ( 83 , 84 ), and others are contributing factors to the poor mental health of residents during the pandemic. First, the ecosystem theory proposed by Bronfenbrenner mainly studies the interrelationship between human behavior and the social environment, which treats the social environment in which humans grow up as a kind of social ecosystem, emphasizes the importance of the ecosystem for analyzing and understanding human behavior, and focuses on the interaction between humans and environmental systems and their influence on individual development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of research on depression during COVID-19: A visual analysis using Co-Occurrence and VOSviewer

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to public health problems, including depression. There has been a significant increase in research on depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little attention has been paid to the overall trend in this field based on bibliometric analyses.MethodsCo-Occurrence (COOC) and VOSviewer bibliometric methods were utilized to analyze depression in COVID-19 literature in the core collection of the Web of Science (WOS). The overall characteristics of depression during COVID-19 were summarized by analyzing the number of published studies, keywords, institutions, and countries.ResultsA total of 9,694 English original research articles and reviews on depression during COVID-19 were included in this study. The United States, China, and the United Kingdom were the countries with the largest number of publications and had close cooperation with each other. Research institutions in each country were dominated by universities, with the University of Toronto being the most productive institution in the world. The most frequently published author was Ligang Zhang. Visualization analysis showed that influencing factors, adverse effects, and coping strategies were hotspots for research.ConclusionThe results shed light on the burgeoning research on depression during COVID-19, particularly the relationship between depression and public health. In addition, future research on depression during COVID-19 should focus more on special groups and those at potential risk of depression in the general population, use more quantitative and qualitative studies combined with more attention to scale updates, and conduct longitudinal follow-ups of the outcomes of interventions. In conclusion, this study contributes to a more comprehensive view of the development of depression during COVID-19 and suggests a theoretical basis for future research on public health.

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“…There are multiple studies reporting the physical effects and sequelae, including myalgia, physical inactivity, cough, fever, breathing difficulty, and gastrointestinal symptoms caused by COVID-19 (3)(4)(5)(6). Besides the physical effects, significant impacts on mental health including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/behavior were reported around the world (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). In addition, unlike the physical effects, the impact on mental health not only affects individuals with direct virus contact but also the general public.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In March 2020, in the US, the percentage of adults reporting the negative influence of COVID-19-related stress on their mental health was about 32% which increased to 53% by July 2020 ( 13 ). In South Korea, compared with the control group (i.e., matched individuals from the pre-pandemic period in 2019), individuals undergoing self-quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and a higher prevalence of major depression ( 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic factors associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

Lee

2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundIndividuals are at an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. To reduce the impact on mental health outcomes that were induced by national-level policies, which may influence an individual at the community level, exploring the comprehensive relations between individual and environmental factors are needed. The aim is to examine socio-ecological factors associated with mental health outcomes, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, with the perspective of support to provide interventions that help the community during future disease outbreaks.MethodFrom 5 November to 20 November 2020, a cross-sectional and population-based study was conducted to assess the socio-ecological factors of mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1,000 participants, aged 20–69 years, in Chungnam Region, South Korea, were included in this study. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association between socio-ecological factors and mental health outcomes. The primary outcomes were individuals' mental health outcomes which are measured by PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores.ResultsOf the 1,000 participants, the average PHQ-9 was 4.39, and GAD-7 was 3.21 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the participants with moderate or severe levels of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were 12.6 and 6.8%, respectively. Higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with participants who were single, reported a lower household income, had decreased support from friends or family, and increased stress from the workplace or home. In subgroup analyses by age, gender, and household income, a similar trend was reported in individual and interpersonal-level factors. There were significant associations between regional-level factors, including gross regional domestic product (GRDP), mental health institutions, psychiatrists, nurse-to-population ratios, and individuals' mental health outcomes.ConclusionThe management of depressive and anxiety symptoms of individuals during the pandemic was better explained by individual and interpersonal characteristics rather than regional-level factors, highlighting the need for more policies aimed at these lower levels.

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Depression During COVID-19 Quarantine in South Korea: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population

Depression before and during-COVID-19 by Gender in the Korean Population

The evolution of research on depression during COVID-19: A visual analysis using Co-Occurrence and VOSviewer

Socio-economic factors associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

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