Depression, Recognition-Memory and Hedonic Tone a Signal Detection Analysis

Dunbar, Geoffrey; Lishman, W. A.

doi:10.1192/bjp.144.4.376

Cited by 123 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This finding is entirely consistent with the results of studies of long-term memory for emotional events, which have shown that emotions improve the memories of events and of some of their properties (e.g., location) (e.g., D'Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004;Dunbar & Lishman, 1984). Therefore, contrary to findings in the literature on time distortions in long-term memory for emotional events, our results suggest that durations are remembered better when they are initially experienced in an emotional rather than a neutral context.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Temporal memory of emotional experience

2011

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The few studies that have investigated judgments of time have suggested that the memory of duration is distorted more for emotional events than for neutral events, while in contrast there is abundant evidence that other aspects of memories of emotional events are more accurate. To reconcile this apparent discrepancy, we used a procedure in which the participants learned a standard duration over several trials under three emotional conditions: a threatening, a nonthreatening, and a neutral control condition. They were then tested either immediately or 24 h after learning. In this test phase, they had to indicate whether presented comparison durations were or were not the same as the previously learned standard duration. We found that durations were recalled better in the emotional than in the neutral condition, and that this occurred to a greater extent in the threatening than in the nonthreatening condition. Arousing emotions thus enhanced temporal memory, just as they enhance memory for other aspects of emotional events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Temporal memory of emotional experience

2011

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“…Bradley, Mogg & Williams, 1995;Dunbar & Lishman, 1984;Watkins, Mathews, Williamson & Fuller, 1992). In contrast there has been relatively little investigation of the effect of depression on memory for nonverbal emotional cues, notably emotional faces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory for emotional faces in major depression following judgement of physical facial characteristics at encoding

Ridout

Dritschel

Matthews

et al. 2009

Cognition & Emotion

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The aim of the present study was to establish if patients with major depression (MD) exhibit a memory bias for sad faces, relative to happy and neutral, when the affective element of the faces is not explicitly processed at encoding. To this end, 16 psychiatric outpatients with MD and 18 healthy, never-depressed controls (HC) were presented with a series of emotional faces and were required to identify the gender of the individuals featured in the photographs. Participants were subsequently given a recognition memory test for these faces. At encoding, patients with MD exhibited a non-significant tendency towards slower gender identification (GI) times, relative to HC, for happy faces. However, the GI times of the two groups did not differ for sad or neutral faces. At memory testing, patients with MD did not exhibit the expected memory bias for sad faces. Similarly, HC did not demonstrate enhanced memory for happy faces. Overall, patients with MD were impaired in their memory for the faces relative to the HC. The current findings are consistent with the proposal that moodcongruent memory biases are contingent upon explicit processing of the emotional element of the to-be-remembered material at encoding.Memory for emotional faces in major depression 3

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“…For example, Kindermann and Brown found a bimodal distribution of memory deficits, in their sample of studies, which was attributed mainly to patient characteristics such as depressive subtype and age. It should be noted that a number of individual studies focusing on neurologically unimpaired individuals with major depressive disorder have resulted in equivocal findings regarding the negative effects of depression on memory (Dunbar & Lishman, 1984;Newman & Sweet, 1986;Williams, Iacono, Remick, & Greenwood, 1990). Despite the apparent consistency among meta-analyses, there does appear to be substantial variability within depressed groups.…”

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confidence: 99%