Depressive disease: Classification and clinical characteristics

Baker, Max; Dorzab, Joe; Winokur, George; Cadoret, Remi J.

doi:10.1016/0010-440x(71)90073-3

Cited by 67 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In 5 of the studies [5,9,10,12,14], no gender differences in the severity of depression or in the general clinical picture were found. Two studies [7,8] by the same authors found that women had greater severity of depression.…”

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baker et al [10] 100 in-patients with unipolar affective disorders (2.0) Women had higher scores on self-report scales and on the revised HDS (including reversed vegetative symptoms). Clinician-rated measures of severity were generally similar for both genders.…”

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In table 1, the studies performed in clinical samples are summarized. Five of the studies concerning clinical samples [5][6][7][8][9] were performed in subgroups of depressive Hildebrandt/Stage/Kragh-Soerensen patients and 5 studies [10][11][12][13][14] concerned broadersamples of depressive patients.…”

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gender Differences in Severity, Symptomatology and Distribution of Melancholia in Major Depression

Stage

Kragh-Soerensen

2003

Psychopathology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Studies of gender differences in the clinical presentation of depression have provided divergent results. This study aimed at analyzing gender differences in severity, symptomatology and distribution of melancholia in major depression. Sampling and Methods: The study comprised 930 in- and out-patients (652 women, 278 men) from 6 randomized controlled trials. All patients fulfilled DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria for major depression. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) was applied to all patients. A multi-axial evaluation was completed using the Newcastle 1 Depression Rating Scale from 1965 for melancholia (N1) in a subsample of patients (n = 439). A factor analysis on the HDS was performed. Non-parametric statistical tests were used and only gender differences greater than 20% were considered clinically relevant. Results: The median on the HDS total score was 22 and the median number of symptoms was 13 for both men and women. Presentation of specific symptoms was similar for men and women. The factor analysis revealed no gender differences, and neither did analyses on symptoms of Axes II and IV. According to the N1, 80% of the men and 66% of the women suffered from melancholic depression (p = 0.004). Conclusions: In a large and broad sample of in- and out-patients with major depression, the severity and symptomatology of depression were similar for men and women. Melancholic depression was significantly more frequent among male than female patients. Inclusion and exclusion criteria in the randomized controlled trials provided a selected group of patients, which limited the generalisability of the results to an exclusive subgroup of patients treated for depression in routine clinical practice.

show abstract

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Studies Performed In Broader Samples Of Depressive Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gender Differences in Severity, Symptomatology and Distribution of Melancholia in Major Depression

Stage

Kragh-Soerensen

2003

Psychopathology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, unfortunately, most standard rating scales of depressive symptom severity do not specifically measure irritability (Hamilton 1960;Montgomery and Asberg 1979). A particular form of irritable depression marked by recurrent anger attacks, spontaneous episodes characterized by feelings of rage and symptoms of physiologic arousal similar to panic attacks and accompanied by chronic irritability, has been reported to occur in 20-60% of patients with unipolar depression and nearly two-thirds of patients with bipolar depression (Perlis, Smoller et al 2004) (Baker, Dorzab et al 1971;Overall, Goldstein et al 1971;Snaith and Taylor 1985) (Gould, Ball et al 1996;Fava, Uebelacker et al 1997;Morand, Thomas et al 1998;Mischoulon, Dougherty et al 2002;Posternak and Zimmerman 2002;Dougherty, Rauch et al 2004). Data have suggested that depression with anger may be associated with distinct abnormalities of subcortical white matter structure (Iosifescu, Renshaw et al 2007) and brain metabolism (Dougherty, Rauch et al 2004), and possibly with increased serotonergic dysfunction (Fava, Vuolo et al 2000).…”

Section: Depression: the MIX Beyond The Negative Affectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger, Hostility and Other Forms of Negative Affect: Relation to Cardiovascular Disease

Torquato¹,

Souza²,

Iosifescu³

et al. 2012

Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Factors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mix of concepts: Hostility, anger, aggression and other negative affectOver the past decades, a large number of studies have investigated the association between negative affect and coronary heart disease (CHD). Many were cross-sectional case-control studies, which have been criticized for the recall bias of the CHD diagnosis and for the memory distortion (Chida and Steptoe 2009). More recently, several prospective longitudinal studies with more rigorous methodology have also been developed. Notwithstanding, results from this studies are not homogeneous, with both positive and negative results. Although more rigorous in their methodology, the prospective studies use www.intechopen.com Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Factors 416 diverse and partially overlapping concepts to define negative affect associated with CHD (Table 1). Since each study analyzes only a single psychological construct at a time and since these concepts are only partially overlapping, it is not surprising to note the conflicting results in the literature. In addition, the single-factor approach ignores the clustering of psychosocial risk factors for physical disease, which may act synergistically (Suls and Bunde 2005). Another view, from a twin-designed study, is that some of this negative affect concepts may have a single common genetic factor and a nonshared environmental factor, i.e., enviroments uncorrelated between twins, such as accidents. (Raynor, Pogue-Geile et al. 2002). Type Some authors have proposed that anger, hostility and aggression should be considered a syndrome and other include anger and hostility in the concept of aggression. For others, hostility is characterized by interrelated elements of cynical beliefs and attributions, angry emotional states, and aggressive or antagonistic behaviors. Martin et al. advocate for the standardization of these concepts emphasizing that anger corresponds to affect, aggression to behavior, and hostility (or cynicism) to cognition. Together the three constructs form a three-factor "ABC" model of trait anger (Martin, Watson et al. 2000).Aside from hostility, anger and aggression, VE and distressed personality are more complex concepts. Although they overlap partially, these constructs include specific patterns and aspects not captured by general scales for hostility, anger and aggression. Last but not least, the concept of negative affectivity posits that these symptoms represent markers of a trait www.intechopen.com Anger, Hostility and Other Forms of Negative Affect: Relation to Cardiovascular Disease 417 characterized by hypersensitivity to negative stimuli (Watson and Clark 1984) and the concept of negative emotions postulate the existence of a continuum across these affective states. Depression: The mix beyond the negative affectsBeyond negative affect, depression and, secondarily, anxiety have the strongest evidence for associations with CHD, even after controlling for traditional CHD risk factors, such as serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and smoking. Intriguingly, as it ...

show abstract

“…More recently, efforts in this field have focused on subdividing unipolar affective disorder into two or more homogeneous disease entities. Baker et aL (1971), in studying 100 unipolar patients, discovered symptomatological differences between patients with onset of affective disorder prior to age 40 and those with onset at age 40 or older. Early-onset patients exhibited guilt, tearfulness, worry, irritability, suicidal plans, and communication of sui cidal intent more frequently than did late-onset patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%