Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19

Gladstone, Tracy R. G.; Schwartz, Jennifer A.; Pössel, Patrick; Richer, Amanda M.; Buchholz, Katherine R.; Rintell, L. Sophia

doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…For the two studies used PHQ-9, Giannopoulou et al ( 27 ) reported statistically increased depression score in post COVID-19 period, with an SMD of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.54), whereas for Andreas and Brunborg ( 30 ), the increase was insignificant (SMD: 0.05, 95% CI: −0.03, 0.13). The two studies used PHQ-8 all found higher depression score after COVID-19 pandemic, with SMDs of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.54) for Jolliff et al ( 28 ) and 0.20 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.38) for Gladstone et al ( 31 ). The two studies used MFQ also yielded positive findings, with SMDs of 0.32 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.47) for Black et al ( 26 ) and 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.14) for Westrupp et al ( 33 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Depression and anxiety among children and adolescents pre and post COVID-19: A comparative meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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BackgroundPublished studies in comparing pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic depression and anxiety levels among children and adolescents yielded incongruent results. Therefore, there is a necessity to perform a timely meta-analysis to synthesize existing evidence.MethodsA total of 10 digital databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, CNKI, WanFang, CQVIP) were fully searched for eligible studies published before November 6, 2021. Based on quality assessment results, relevant data were extracted for eligible studies of higher quality. We combined standardized mean difference (SMD) or prevalence ratio (RR) for anxiety and depression pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic by using random-effects models. Sensitivity analysis was further performed to evaluate heterogeneity of included studies.Results14,508 articles were preliminarily identified, and after stepwise screening process, 8 articles were included eventually. The results showed that the SMD for post COVID-19 anxiety score measured by GAD-7 was 0.12 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.17), an significant increase compared with pre COVID-19 period; the SMDs and 95% CIs for post COVID-18 depression scores measured by PHQ-9, PHQ-8, and MFQ were 0.17 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.24), 0.23 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.38), and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.17), respectively, also significantly increased compared with pre COVID-19 period. The RR for depression was 2.54 (95% CI: 2.48, 2.60) in post COVID-19 period when compared with pre-pandemic.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents reported deteriorated anxiety and depression levels after the COVID-19 pandemic. More attention should be paid to this vulnerable group. Effective, expedient, and practical intervention measures which are compatible with COVID-19 prevention and control policies should be developed and implemented to maintain mental health wellbeing of the youths.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Depression and anxiety among children and adolescents pre and post COVID-19: A comparative meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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“…• social disadvantage [28,78] • living in an apartment, without access to green space [68] • female gender (general mental health problems, quality of life, attention problems, addictive behaviour) [28,37,47,90] • male gender (depression, anxiety, internalising symptoms, well-being, life satisfaction, stress, psychosomatic symptoms) [37,[59][60][61][62]68,70,80,83,93,95] • younger age (depression, anxiety, behavioural addiction) [27,32,58,66,79,93] • older age (internalising and externalising problems, quality of life) [28,35,37] • living in a house, access to green space [68] Intra-individual factors…”

Section: Factors Influencing Covid-19-related Changes In Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• pre-existing mental health problems [62,76,83] • poor physical health [49] • neurodevelopmental disorders, special educational needs [35,37] • negative coping strategies (emotion-focussed engaged and disengaged coping) [41,63] • dysfunctional/missing emotion regulation abilities (e.g., dampening positive emotions) [29,54,70,74] • negative cognitive styles [59] • emotional instability [42] • high extraversion [43] • good physical health [49] • positive coping mechanisms (e.g., talking to friends, prioritising sleep, problem-focussed engaged coping)…”

Section: Factors Influencing Covid-19-related Changes In Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review: Longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health

Wolf

Schmitz

2022

Preprint

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the protection measures to contain its spread have massively changed daily lives of billions of children and adolescents worldwide. Objective: We conducted a systematic review to investigate the global longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on various mental health outcomes in children and adolescents over a period of one and a half years. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The databases "PubMed", "Web of Science", and "APA PsycInfo" were searched (last access: 01/2022). Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed and published between December 2019 and December 2021, if they followed a longitudinal or repeated cross-sectional design, and if they assessed the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic or a related stressor on mental health indicators. Findings: Of 7,451 identified studies, 69 studies (n ~ 130,000) meeting eligibility criteria were included in a qualitative analysis. The results indicate a general trend of decreased psychological well-being, increased psychopathological distress, and heightened symptom levels (particularly of depressive and anxiety symptoms) from before to during the pandemic. Data suggests that both the intensity of protection measures and infection dynamic were positively associated with severity of psychopathology. The most reported influencing factors on the effect of the pandemic on child and adolescent mental health were age, gender, socio-economic status, previous state of mental and physical health, self-regulation abilities, parental mental health, parenting quality, family functioning, social support, isolation and loneliness, health-related worries, and consistent routines and structure. Conclusion: Our systematic review shows that children and adolescents worldwide have experienced increased psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These results call for improvement in access to child and adolescent mental health care and the prioritisation of child and adolescent well-being in political decision making.

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“…Finally, the pilot study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the campus environment presented unique challenges for students with and without symptoms of depression and when rates of depression increased particularly for females (e.g., Chen et al 2020;Gladstone et al 2021;Magson et al 2021). Moreover, follow-up assessments for this pilot study were conducted when COVID-19 cases were decreasing and social distancing restrictions were being lifted.…”

Section: Overall Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Online Depression Prevention Intervention for College Students: Intervention Development and Pilot Study Results

et al. 2021

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College and university students across the United States are experiencing increases in depressive symptoms and risk for clinical depression. As college counseling centers strive to address the problem through wellness outreach and psychoeducation, limited resources make it difficult to reach students who would most benefit. Technology-based prevention programs have the potential to increase reach and address barriers to access encountered by students in need of mental health support. Part 1 of this manuscript describes the development of the Willow intervention, an adaptation of the technology-based CATCH-IT depression prevention intervention using a community participatory approach, for use by students at a women’s liberal arts college. Part 2 presents data from a pilot study of Willow with N = 34 (mean age = 19.82, SD = 1.19) students. Twenty-nine participants (85%) logged onto Willow at least once, and eight (24%) completed the full intervention. Participants positively rated the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of Willow. After eight weeks of use, results suggested decreases in depressive symptoms (95% CI (0.46–3.59)), anxiety symptoms (95% CI (0.41–3.04)), and rumination (95% CI (0.45–8.18)). This internet-based prevention intervention was found to be acceptable, feasible to implement, and may be associated with decreased internalizing symptoms.

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Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

Depression and anxiety among children and adolescents pre and post COVID-19: A comparative meta-analysis

Depression and anxiety among children and adolescents pre and post COVID-19: A comparative meta-analysis

Systematic review: Longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health

Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Online Depression Prevention Intervention for College Students: Intervention Development and Pilot Study Results

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