Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Stroke

Abstract

Background and Purpose-Emerging evidence raises the possibility of an association between depression and stroke risk.This study sought to examine whether depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events in a community-based sample. Methods-A prospective study was conducted on 4120 Framingham Heart Study participants aged 29 to 100 years with up to 8 years of follow-up. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms. Incident stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) events were assessed by uniform diagnostic criteria. The association between depressive symptoms and risk of stroke/TIA was analyzed with Cox proportional-hazards models, after adjusting for traditional stroke risk factors. Results-In

Comorbid Depression Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia Diagnosis in Patients with Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

“…18 Higher numbers of cardiovascular risk factors are associated with higher risk of vascular dementia and AD. 41,42 Depression is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction 43 and stroke 44 in community populations and a 35% increased risk for macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes. 45 Diabetes is also associated with a significant risk of macrovascular complications.…”

Association between Sleep Duration and the Mini-Mental Score: The Northern Manhattan Study

“…Scores on the CES-D range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more symptoms of depression. 22 Depressive symptoms were categorized as present if the sum of the scores was ≥ 16 or if the participant was taking an antidepressant medication. 22 Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg or a patient's self-report of a history of hypertension or use of antihypertensive medications.…”

“…22 Depressive symptoms were categorized as present if the sum of the scores was ≥ 16 or if the participant was taking an antidepressant medication. 22 Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg or a patient's self-report of a history of hypertension or use of antihypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or the patient's self-report of diabetes or use of insulin or hypoglycemic medications.…”

Elucidating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Black and White Adults: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

“…Although successive meta‐analyses have shown that depressive symptoms increase the risk of incident CHD and CHD death, with pooled hazard ratios (HRs) estimated at 1.6 and 1.8,2, 3, 6 there has been concern about incomplete risk factor adjustment in the majority of studies included in prior meta‐analyses and limited use of time‐dependent variables 2. Similarly, although depressive symptoms have been considered an inconsistent risk factor for incident cerebrovascular disease,7, 8, 9 a recent meta‐analysis found pooled HRs of 1.5 and 1.6 for total and fatal stroke; again, only 6 of 28 studies simultaneously controlled for alcohol, body mass index, and smoking status, and 1 controlled for medication adherence 10. In addition to unmeasured confounders, research also remains inconsistent as to whether race truly moderates the association between depressive symptoms and incident CVD 11, 12, 13, 14.…”