Depressive symptoms in later life: differential impact of social support and motivational processes on depression in individuals with and without cognitive impairment

Abstract

This study investigates the role of a motivational process based on a composite of four subcomponents (self-efficacy, decision regulation, activation regulation and motivation regulation), as a mediator of the relationship between social support and depression assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale in cognitively impaired and unimpaired individuals. Participants were 229 adults with a mean age of 74 years (range: 52-94 years). The sample comprised 64 participants diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 47 participants diagnosed with earlystage Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a group of 118 participants without any cognitive impairment. In this crosssectional study, bivariate correlations and linear regression models were used to assess the association between the predictor variables and depression. Linear regression models were controlled for age, gender, education, cognitive status, cognitive impairment and activities. In the total Based on these findings, it can be argued that the impact of social support on depressive symptoms is attenuated by cerebral deterioration in cognitively impaired individuals, while motivational processes remain relevant.

Control Beliefs among People with Dementia: A Systematic Review

“…Only 2 intervention studies examined control belief as the primary outcome [15,16] and another 2 as part of the secondary outcomes [17,18]. The remaining intervention and observational studies included control beliefs as exploratory outcome measures or as dependent measures without further specifications [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

“…One study was performed in a memory clinic [15], one allowed participants to choose between home or memory clinic [26], and another collected data at participants' home, day care, or memory clinic [27]. Finally, 3 studies did not specify research setting [22,25,32].…”

“…Although the age range of the participants with dementia varied from 52 to 96 years, mean age in all studies was in the 70s. Four studies had an age specification as part of their inclusion criteria, with a minimum age varying between 55 and 65 years [16,17,25,27]. See Table 3 for an overview of demographics regarding participants with dementia.…”

“…Two studies based the dementia diagnosis on consensus criteria. One [25] used the criteria established by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association [36], and the other study used the criteria established by the Movement Disorder Society [37,38] and by the Dementia with Lewy Bodies consortium [39].…”

“…Where reported, the percentage of participants diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease (AD) ranged from 47 to 89% [18,23,25,27,28,30,31]. See Table 3 for overview of prevalence of diagnoses in individual studies.…”