Deprivation and childhood obesity: a cross sectional study of 20 973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom

Kinra, Sanjay

doi:10.1136/jech.54.6.456

Cited by 164 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…A summary of the 45 studies satisfying the criteria for this review is presented in the appendices (Supplementary Tables online) according to the format of adiposity variable (Appendix 1 (Studies 1-35): categorical; Appendix 2 (36-45): continuous) and treatment of gender (Appendix 1a (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and 2a (36)(37)(38)(39)(40): combined; Appendix 1b (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) and 2b (41)(42)(43)(44)(45): stratified) in the data analysis. At least one of the criteria for this review was not satisfied by 2,348 studies that were eliminated in the twostep procedure described in the Methods and Procedures section.…”

Section: Identification Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross‐sectional Studies 1990–2005

Shrewsbury

Wardle

2008

Obesity

772

647

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background: Sobal and Stunkard's review (1989) of 34 studies from developed countries published after 1941, found inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood adiposity. Inverse associations (36%), no associations (38%), and positive associations (26%) were found in similar proportions. In view of the trends in pediatric obesity, the relationship between SES and adiposity may have changed. objective: To describe the cross-sectional association between SES and adiposity in school-age children from western developed countries in epidemiological studies since 1989. Methods and Procedures: PubMed database was searched to identify potentially relevant publications. Epidemiological studies from western developed countries presenting cross-sectional data on the bivariate association between an SES indicator and objectively measured adiposity in childhood (5-18 years), carried out after 1989 were included. SES indicators included parental education, parental occupation, family income, composite SES, and neighborhood SES. Results: Forty-five studies satisfied the review criteria. SES was inversely associated with adiposity in 19 studies (42%), there was no association in 12 studies (27%), and in 14 studies (31%) there was a mixture of no associations and inverse associations across subgroups. No positive SES-adiposity associations were seen in unadjusted analyses. With parental education as the SES indicator, inverse associations with adiposity were found in 15 of 20 studies (75%). Discussion: Research carried out within the past 15 years finds that associations between SES and adiposity in children are predominately inverse, and positive associations have all but disappeared. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which parental social class influences childhood adiposity.

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Section: Identification Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross‐sectional Studies 1990–2005

Shrewsbury

Wardle

2008

Obesity

772

647

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“…Other studies have considered multiple SES factors as an index of deprivation. For example, studies using the Townsend deprivation score (an index score based on a combination of adult unemployment, household size, and car and home ownership) have shown that children from more deprived areas have a higher risk of obesity (despite lower birth weights) 95,163 . However, if the deprivation index is based on the electoral ward of the school (rather than the home), no relationship with childhood obesity is present 164 .…”

Section: The Neighbourhood Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aetiology of childhood obesity: a review

Procter

2007

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Whilst the prevention of childhood obesity is the only viable, enduring, cost-effective solution to the obesity epidemic, effective methods for it remain elusive. Furthermore, strategies to influence obesogenic environments remain relatively unexplored. In order to be able to develop powerful population-level interventions and public health policies to prevent childhood obesity, it is important to understand its aetiology and those environments that are most amenable to measurable change. First, the present paper considers why we should be concerned about obesity in children, from both the perspective of the increased health risk to the individual and the high economic cost of treatment of obesity and related diseases, highlighting why the prevention of childhood obesity is important. Next, the determinants of health behaviour and the obesogenic environment are explored, which helps us to understand why the aetiology is so complex and that potential causal factors should not be considered in isolation, as the interaction between these factors is also important. The paper then considers the multi-factorial aetiology of childhood obesity and the rationale for the increasing trends in obesity that are evident, in order to understand what is changing in society and our children's behaviour that is triggering the positive energy balance leading to obesity. The review emphasises the need for multi-level approaches if we truly want to prevent childhood obesity. It also serves to highlight that there is a need to extend the current research base in order to build a well-founded framework to form the basis of a strategy for the prevention of childhood obesity.Aetiology of childhood obesity: Prevention of obesity: Obesogenic environments

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“…1,2 In addition, low socioeconomic status (SES) is frequently associated with higher rates of overweight. [3][4][5][6] Thus, the search for causes and potential interventions to decrease these disparities and reduce the prevalence of overweight is crucial.Breastfeeding has been reported as being protective against obesity, but this association is somewhat controversial. Whereas several studies found significantly lower obesity rates among those who were breastfed as infants 7-11 and a dosage-related effect of breastfeeding, 12-17 not all studies supported these findings.…”

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Breastfeeding Helps Explain Racial and Socioeconomic Status Disparities in Adolescent Adiposity

et al. 2008

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OBJECTIVES-Studies suggest that breastfeeding is protective for later obesity; however, this association has not held among all racial and socioeconomic status groups. Racial and socioeconomic status differences in breastfeeding behavior have also been noted. In this study, we formally test whether breastfeeding mediates the relationship between race and socioeconomic status with adolescent adiposity.METHODS-Data were analyzed from 739 black and white 10-to 19-year-old adolescents who participated in a large, school-based study. Parents provided information on parental education, used to measure socioeconomic status, and whether the child was breastfed as an infant. BMI was used to measure adolescent adiposity and was analyzed as a continuous measure (BMI z score) using linear regression and categorically (BMI ≥85th and ≥95th percentile) using logistic regression.RESULTS-Black adolescents and those without a college-educated parent were less likely to have been breastfed for >4 months. Race and parental education were each independent predictors of BMI z score and of having BMI ≥85th percentile or BMI ≥95th percentile. When added to the model, being breastfed for >4 months was also independently associated with lower BMI z score and lower odds of having BMI ≥85th percentile or BMI ≥95th percentile. Inclusion of being breastfed for >4 months resulted in a 25% decrease in racial and parental education differences in adolescent BMI z score, supporting partial mediation.CONCLUSIONS-Having been breastfed for >4 months was associated with lower adolescent BMI z score and lower odds of having a BMI ≥85th percentile or BMI ≥95th percentile, independent of race or parental education. Furthermore, these analyses suggest that being breastfed for >4 months partially explains the relationship between social disadvantage and increased adiposity. Increasing breastfeeding duration could result in lower adolescent adiposity for all racial and socioeconomic status groups and potentially minimize socioeconomic disparities in adiposity.Keywords adolescent obesity; breastfeeding; epidemiology; racial differences; socioeconomic status Copyright © 2008 Adolescent obesity is a major public health issue that has been increasing in the past 2 decades. This problem disproportionately affects socially disadvantaged groups. Recent national studies have found that >40% of black adolescents aged 12 to 19 are at risk for overweight (eg, BMI ≥85th percentile for age and gender) or are overweight (BMI ≥95th percentile) compared with 26.5% of white teens and that this proportion has been increasing. 1,2 In addition, low socioeconomic status (SES) is frequently associated with higher rates of overweight. [3][4][5][6] Thus, the search for causes and potential interventions to decrease these disparities and reduce the prevalence of overweight is crucial.Breastfeeding has been reported as being protective against obesity, but this association is somewhat controversial. Whereas several studies found significantly lower obesity rates among th...

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Deprivation and childhood obesity: a cross sectional study of 20 973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom

Cited by 164 publications

References 29 publications

Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross‐sectional Studies 1990–2005

Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross‐sectional Studies 1990–2005

The aetiology of childhood obesity: a review

Breastfeeding Helps Explain Racial and Socioeconomic Status Disparities in Adolescent Adiposity

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