Depth of Focus of the Human Eye*

Ogle, Kenneth N.; Schwartz, Jeffrey

doi:10.1364/josa.49.000273

Cited by 119 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The depth of focus has been reported to be decreased by 0.12 diopters per 1-mm increase in pupil diameter (Ogle and Schwartz, 1959). The decrease in the depth of focus was less than 0.12 diopters in the present study since the normal pupil diameter range is less than 8 mm and the mean change in the present result was roughly 10%.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Effect of Intensity of Dynamic Exercise on Pupil Diameter in Humans

Hayashi

Someya

Fukuba

2010

J Physiol Anthropol

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To test the hypothesis that pupil diameter, which is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, increases with exercise intensity, we determined pupil diameter during incremental exercise in eight healthy subjects. The subjects performed an incremental ergometer exercise in a room illuminated at 90-100 lx. We continuously measured pupil diameter and heart rate before, during, and after the exercise. Pupil diameter increased significantly with exercise intensity (except at the lowest intensity), peaking at 113Ϯ3% (meanϮ SE) of the diameter during the resting baseline period. The diameter did not differ significantly between the resting baseline and recovery periods. These findings suggest that exercise enlarges pupil diameter and that the magnitude of dilation is related to exercise intensity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Effect of Intensity of Dynamic Exercise on Pupil Diameter in Humans

Hayashi

Someya

Fukuba

2010

J Physiol Anthropol

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“…(Depth of focus refers to the range of distances in image space within which an image appears in sharp focus.) Conversely, a greater degree of resolution will lead to a smaller depth of field (Campbell, 1957;Ogle & Schwartz, 1959). Ogle and Schwartz (1959) showed that for each step of increase in target resolution, the total depth of focus decreased by 0.35 diopters.…”

Section: Depth Of Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

2006

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)AFRL; AFRL/HEA SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate Warfighter Readiness Research Division 6030 South Kent Street Mesa AZ 85212-6061 AFRL-HE-AZ-TP-2007-03 DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThis paper was originally published in the journal Human Factors (Volume 48, Fall 2006). ABSTRACTObjective: We provide a review and analysis of much of the published literature on visual perception issues that impact the design and use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). Background: Unlike the previous literature on HMDs, this review draws heavily from the basic vision literature in order to help provide insight for future design solutions for HMDs. Method: Included in this review are articles and books found cited in other works as well as articles and books obtained from an Internet search. Results: Issues discussed include the effect of brightness and contrast on depth of field, dark focus, dark vergence, and perceptual constancy; the effect of accommodation/vergence synergy on perceptual constancy, eyestrain, and discomfort; the relationship of field of view to the functioning of different visual pathways and the types of visualmotor tasks mediated by them; the relationship of binocular input to visual suppression; and the importance of head movements, head tracking, and display update lag. Conclusion: This paper offers a set of recommendations for the design and use of HMDs. Application: Consideration of the basic vision literature will provide insight for future design solutions for HMDs.

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“…Figure 7 illustrates that the minimum target sizes of currently available systems are well above the level at which the effects of depth of focus are seen. At 3 arcminutes, the depth of focus reported by Ogle & Schwartz (1959) is greater than 2 diopters, more than enough for viewing JHMCS symbology and an M2DART simultaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Influence of Depth of Focus on Visibility of Monocular Head-Mounted Display Symbology in Simulation and Training Applications

Winterbottom¹,

Patterson²,

Pierce³

et al. 2007

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)AFRL; AFRL/HEA SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)Air DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThis paper was originally published in SPIE Helmet-and Head-mounted Displays X (Vol. 5800). ABSTRACTThe Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) is being considered for integration into the F-15, F-16, and F-18 aircraft. If this integration occurs, similar monocular head-mounted displays (HMDs) will need to be integrated with existing out-the-window simulator systems for training purposes. One such system is the Mobile Modular Display for Advanced Research and Training (M2DART), which is constructed with flat-panel rear-projection screens around a nominal eye-point. Because the panels are flat, the distance from the eye point to the display screen varies depending upon the location on the screen to which the observer is directing fixation. Variation in focal distance may create visibility problems for either the HMD symbology or the out-the-window imagery presented on the simulator rear-projection display screen because observers may not be able to focus both sets of images simultaneously. The extent to which blurring occurs will depend upon the difference between the focal planes of the simulator display and HMD as well as the depth of focus of the observer. In our psychophysical study, we investigated whether significant blurring occurs as a result of such differences in focal distances and established an optimal focal distance for an HMD which would minimize blurring for a range of focal distances representative of the M2DART. Our data suggest that blurring of symbology due to differing focal planes is not a significant issue within the range of distances tested and that the optimal focal distance for an HMD is the optical midpoint between the near and far rear-projection screen distances SUBJECT TERMS ABSTRACTThe Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) is being considered for integratio...

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Depth of Focus of the Human Eye*

Cited by 119 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Intensity of Dynamic Exercise on Pupil Diameter in Humans

Effect of Intensity of Dynamic Exercise on Pupil Diameter in Humans

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

The Influence of Depth of Focus on Visibility of Monocular Head-Mounted Display Symbology in Simulation and Training Applications

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