Depuration and anatomical distribution of domoic acid in the surf clam Mesodesma donacium

Álvarez, Gonzalo; Uribe, Eduardo; Regueiro, Jorge; Martín, Helena; Gajardo, Teresa; Jara, Lorena; Blanco, Juan

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.011

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The variability of the toxin concentration among areas of the digestive gland of the scallops is moderate-low. It is lower than the usual inter-individual variation in scallops [52,59] and other bivalves [47,64,65]. Most sectors of the digestive gland had very similar concentrations, with the only significant exception being the sector adjacent to the gonad.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Most commercially important bivalve species depurate DA within hours or a few days, as is the case for mussels Mytilus edulis [ 42 , 43 ], M. californianus [ 44 ], M. galloprovicialis [ 45 ] and Perna canaliculus [ 19 ], the oyster Crassostrea virginica [ 46 ] and the surf clam Mesodesma donacium [ 47 ], or in a few weeks, as is the case for the scallop Placopecten magellanicus [ 48 ]. Consequently, they retain the toxin for a short time and the impact on their harvest and commercialization is low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Blanco

Mauríz

Álvarez

2020

Toxins

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The king scallop Pecten maximus retains the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (DA), for a long time. Most of the toxin is accumulated in the digestive gland, but this organ contains several cell types whose contribution to the accumulation of the toxin is unknown. Determining the time-course of the depuration by analyzing whole organs is difficult because the inter-individual variability is high. A sampling method, using biopsies of the digestive gland, has been developed. This method allows for repetitive sampling of the same scallop, but the representativeness of the samples obtained in this way needs to be validated. In this work, we found that the distribution of DA in the digestive gland of the scallops is mostly homogeneous. Only the area closest to the gonad, and especially its outer portion, had a lower concentration than the other ones, probably due to a transfer of the toxin to the intestinal loop. Samples obtained by biopsies can therefore be considered to be representative. Most of the toxin was accumulated in large cells (mostly digestive cells), which could be due to differences during the toxin absorption or to the preferential depuration of the toxin from the small cells (mostly secretory).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Blanco

Mauríz

Álvarez

2020

Toxins

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“…Furthermore, the data relating to cases of human poisoning caused by DA are limited, except for a unique ASP outbreak in Canada in 1987. Such event involved 150 people with 19 hospitalization and 4 deaths after consumption of contaminated mussels ( Jeffery et al, 2004 ; Álvarez et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Amnesic Shellfish Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

et al. 2016

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Harmful algal blooms are natural phenomena caused by the massive growth of phytoplankton that may contain highly toxic chemicals, the so-called marine biotoxins causing illness and even death to both aquatic organisms and humans. Their occurrence has been increased in frequency and severity, suggesting a worldwide public health risk. Marine biotoxins can accumulate in bivalve molluscs and regulatory limits have been set for some classes according to European Union legislation. These compounds can be distinguished in water- and fat-soluble molecules. The first group involves those of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, whereas the toxins soluble in fat can cause Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning. Due to the lack of long-term toxicity studies, establishing tolerable daily intakes for any of these marine biotoxins was not possible, but an acute reference dose can be considered more appropriate, because these molecules show an acute toxicity. Dietary exposure assessment is linked both to the levels of marine biotoxins present in bivalve molluscs and the portion that could be eaten by consumers. Symptoms may vary from a severe gastrointestinal intoxication with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps to neurological disorders such as ataxia, dizziness, partial paralysis, and respiratory distress. The official method for the detection of marine biotoxins is the mouse bioassay (MBA) showing some limits due to ethical restrictions and insufficient specificity. For this reason, the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method has replaced MBA as the reference technique. However, the monitoring of algal blooms producing marine biotoxins should be regularly assessed in order to obtain more reliable, accurate estimates of bloom toxicity and their potential impacts.

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“…It is known that this variability is in part due to differences in depuration velocity. Some bivalves depurate most of the toxin very quickly, as is the case for the mussels M. galloprovincialis [ 18 ], M. edulis [ 19 , 20 ], Mesodesma donacium [ 21 ], and the scallop Argopecten purpuratus [ 22 ], while other species can retain it for very long periods of time, such as the razor clam Siliqua patula [ 23 , 24 , 25 ] or the king scallop Pecten maximus [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Mafra et al [ 29 , 30 ] showed that the reduction in the amount of toxic cells ingested by pre-ingestive selection of the phytoplankton species can partially explain the observed differences between bivalve species, but the role of toxin absorption mechanisms in accumulation (acting after toxin ingestion) has not been sufficiently studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland

Blanco

Mariño

Martín

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Cultures of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are frequently affected by accumulation of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA). This species is characterized by a fast uptake and release of the toxin. In this work, the main characteristics of the uptake mechanism have been studied by incubation of digestive gland thin slices in media with different composition and DA concentration. DA uptake seems to follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a very high estimated KM (1722 µg DA mL−1) and a Vmax of 71.9 µg DA g−1 h−1, which is similar to those found for other amino acids in invertebrates. Replacement of NaCl from the incubation media by Cl-choline (Na+-free medium) did not significantly reduce the uptake, but replacement by sorbitol (Na+-free and Cl−-depleted medium) did. A new experiment replacing all chlorides with their equivalent gluconates (Na+- and Cl−-free medium) showed an important reduction in the uptake that should be attributed to the absence of chloride, pointing to a Na+-independent, Cl− (or anion-) dependent transporter. In media with Na+ and Cl−, neither decreasing the pH nor adding cyanide (a metabolic inhibitor) had significant effect on DA uptake, suggesting that the transport mechanism is not H+- or ATP-dependent. In a chloride depleted medium, lowering pH or adding CN increased the uptake, suggesting that other anions could, at least partially, substitute chloride.

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Depuration and anatomical distribution of domoic acid in the surf clam Mesodesma donacium

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Marine Biotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity, Regulatory Limits and Reference Methods

Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland

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