Der zentralnerv�se spinale Mechanismus des K�ltezitterns

Kosaka, Mitsuo; Simón, E.

doi:10.1007/bf00592733

Cited by 31 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Muscle contractions from physical activity generate considerable amounts of heat, and contraction-based heat production is exploited by shivering during cold exposure (Kosaka, Simon & Thauer,1967 a ; Kosaka, Takagi & Koyama, 1967 b ; Kosaka & Simon, 1968; Minaire & Chatonnet, 1968; Tkachenko, 1968; Nikki, 1969; Tanche & Therminarias, 1969; Chaffee & Roberts, 1971; Vybiral & Jansky, 1974; Lefaucheur et al , 2001; van Marken Lichtenbelt & Daanen, 2003; Silva, 2011). Indeed, when maximally recruited, as during exercise or an intense bout of shivering, muscle can account for up to 90% of whole-body oxygen uptake, an indirect measure of heat production (Stainsby & Lambert, 1979; Zurlo et al , 1990).…”

Section: Evolution Of Skeletal Muscle As a Thermogenic Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of skeletal‐muscle‐based thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrate endothermy

2014

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Thermogenesis is one of the most important homeostatic mechanisms that evolved during vertebrate evolution. Despite its importance for the survival of the organism, the mechanistic details behind various thermogenic processes remain incompletely understood. Although heat production from muscle has long been recognized as a thermogenic mechanism, whether muscle can produce heat independently of contraction remains controversial. Studies in birds and mammals suggest that skeletal muscle can be an important site of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and can be recruited during cold adaptation, although unequivocal evidence is lacking. Much research on thermogenesis during the last two decades has been focused on brown adipose tissue (BAT). These studies clearly implicate BAT as an important site of NST in mammals, in particular in newborns and rodents. However, BAT is either absent, as in birds and pigs, or is only a minor component, as in adult large mammals including humans, bringing into question the BAT-centric view of thermogenesis. This review focuses on the evolution and emergence of various thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrates from fish to man. A careful analysis of the existing data reveals that muscle was the earliest facultative thermogenic organ to emerge in vertebrates, long before the appearance of BAT in eutherian mammals. Additionally, these studies suggest that muscle-based thermogenesis is the dominant mechanism of heat production in many species including birds, marsupials, and certain mammals where BAT-mediated thermogenesis is absent or limited. We discuss the relevance of our recent findings showing that uncoupling of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) by sarcolipin (SLN), resulting in futile cycling and increased heat production, could be the basis for NST in skeletal muscle. The overall goal of this review is to highlight the role of skeletal muscle as a thermogenic organ and provide a balanced view of thermogenesis in vertebrates.

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Section: Evolution Of Skeletal Muscle As a Thermogenic Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of skeletal‐muscle‐based thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrate endothermy

2014

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“…Experiments in dogs, cats, rabbits, and pigeons showed that cooling of the spinal cord by 1.5°C caused shivering of the animal even at environmental temperatures as high as 30°C. The shivering only disappeared after the spinal cord temperature had been returned to normal (Simon et al,1965; Kosaka and Simon1968a,b). This means that it is the spinal cord that induces the thermogenic shivering and that heating of the spinal cord is the ultimate goal of this shivering.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible thermoregulatory functions of the internal vertebral venous plexus in man and various other mammals: Evidence from comparative anatomical studies

et al. 2011

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Comparative anatomy was used to collect more evidence for a thermoregulatory function of the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP). The venous connections of the IVVP were studied and compared in various mammals in order to find evidence for the existence of climate related anatomical adaptations. Humans and vervet monkeys were chosen as representatives of mammals living in moderate climates, the IVVP of the dolphin was studied because this animal is always surrounded by cold water. The springbok was chosen as a representative of mammalian species living under very hot conditions. The present study was exclusively performed on post mortem material. After filling the venous system with latex the IVVP and its venous connections were dissected. It appeared that in the dolphin, veins from the trunk muscles were directly and exclusively connected to the IVVP in the absence of an azygos vein. In the vervet monkey and human specimens, veins originating in the muscles drained both into the caval veins and into the IVVP. In these mammals veins draining from brown fat areas were also connected to the IVVP. In the springbok, drainage of blood from the muscles was prevented to enter the IVVP by the presence of valves. In humans and vervet monkeys we found that the lumbar parts of the IVVP were connected to subcutaneous veins of the back. It was concluded that the anatomy of the IVVP and its connecting veins may serve to thermoregulate the spinal cord and that climate related anatomical adaptations were present in the species studied.

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