Previously, we have studied the minimal oligomer size of an aggregate amyloid seed and the mechanism of seed growth with a multilayer -sheet model. Under high temperature simulation conditions, our approach can test the stability of possible amyloid forms. Here, we report our study of oligomers of Alzheimer's amyloid -peptide ( amyloid conformation ͉ -sheet ͉ double-layered sheets ͉ molecular dynamics simulation ͉ protein folding C hanges in sequence or in shape of a protein may lead to a conformational disease. Conformational diseases are typically expressed in the appearance of amyloid fibrils. Understanding amyloid seed formation and elongation at the molecular level presents a major challenge, as it may lead to novel approaches in design and therapy (1). A relatively large number of protein conformational diseases have already been identified (2). Interestingly, at least in proteins related to Alzheimer's disease, prion protein-related encephalopathies, and type II diabetes, it has been discovered that certain short sequence fragments (5-40 residues) contained within the respective proteins can form amyloids, even in isolated peptide form. The human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a 37-residue peptide hormone, is implicated in type II diabetes. Fibrils obtained from this hormone have been observed to be toxic to human and to rat islet -cells in vitro (3). Experiments have demonstrated that a hexamer of hIAPP (residues 22-27, NFGAIL) and even a pentamer (residues 23-27, FGAIL) are already sufficient for amyloid formation and cytotoxicity (4). Prion proteins also contain such amyloidogenic peptide-fragments. Several fragments of the Syrian hamster prion protein (ShPrP) have been observed to form amyloids. These include residues 109-122, 178-191, and 202-218 (5). Within these, the most highly amyloidogenic peptide is AGAAAAGA, which corresponds to ShPrP residues 113-120. This fragment is conserved in all species whose PrP sequence has been determined (5). The -peptide (A, 42 residues) from Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein, constitutes a particularly important example and is among the best studied amyloidogenic peptides. A key step in Alzheimer's disease involves proteolytic cleavage of A (6). The fragment consisting of residues 25-35 in A (GSNKGAIIGLM) has been shown to already form large -sheet fibrils, essentially similar to those obtained by the full-length A (refs. 7-11). Other fragments including 1-28, 16-22, and 10-35 have also been well studied (reviewed in ref.12). Although experimental data on the -sheet orientation have been elusive for A 25-35 (12, 13), solid state NMR experiments revealed that A 16 -22 forms an antiparallel -sheet (14), and that A 10 -35 and the whole sequence of 1-40 form parallel -sheet amyloids (15,16). Although the IR spectra of the A 24 -35 amyloid indicates the existence of an antiparallel -sheet (17), x-ray diffraction failed to identify an ordered -crystalline in the 24-35 fragment amyloid (12, 13).That these disease-related short peptides are ...