Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel

Kincaid, J. Peter; Fishburne, Robert P.; Rogers, Richard L; Chissom, Brad S.

doi:10.21236/ada006655

Cited by 2,446 publications

(1,853 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

1,818

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many algorithms exist; the most widely used is the FleschKincaid reading grade developed for the US Navy in 1975 [2,53]. The FRES is a validated readability tool inversely related to the Flesch-Kincaid grade, which correlates this to the reader's education level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If we are to continue drawing research conclusions and base future healthcare strategies on PROMs, it is pertinent to identify if patients can comprehend these questionnaires. The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) is a validated technique used to evaluate the ease by which text can be read and understood, defined as readability [2,37,53,70,99].…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Are Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedics Easily Read by Patients?

El-Daly

Ibraheim

Rajakulendran

et al. 2016

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are commonly used by healthcare providers as means of assessing health-related quality of life and function at any given time. The complexity of PROMs can differ and when combined with varying degrees of adult literacy, error can be introduced if patients fail to understand questions. With an average adult literacy level of 11-year-old students in the United Kingdom, it is unclear to what degree PROMs can be read and understood by most patients (readability); to our knowledge, this has not been evaluated. Questions/purposes We wished to determine the readability of commonly used PROMs in orthopaedic surgery, as assessed by a validated tool that measures the complexity of the language in these surveys. MethodsWe performed a MEDLINE search to identify the most-commonly reported PROMs in orthopaedic research. One hundred twenty-one PROMs were identified and reviewed by 19 attending orthopaedic surgeons at our institution. Fifty-nine were selected as the most commonly used in our department. Of these, 52 (78%) were disease specific and included: 12 (20%) knee, 10 (17%) shoulder, seven (12%) spine, six (10%) hip, five (8%) foot and ankle, four (7%) elbow, three (5%) pelvis, three (5%) hand and wrist, and two (3%) lower limb. The remaining seven (12%) PROMs were general health questionnaires. The Flesch Reading Ease Score is a validated readability tool measuring average sentence length and syllables per word. It is expressed on a scale from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating easier reading. We extracted the text from each PROM and inserted it in the same online Flesch Reading Ease Score calculator to generate a score. Results The mean readability score was 55 (range, 0-93), corresponding to text best understood by 16-to 18-year-old

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Are Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedics Easily Read by Patients?

El-Daly

Ibraheim

Rajakulendran

et al. 2016

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As identified by Gunning (1969), Gunning's Fog Index (FOG) is an indication of the level at which people who have an average high school education would be able to understand a particular text. Similar to FOG, the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Index (FRE) is a linguistic measurement to calculate the words per sentence and syllables per word in a given text (Kincaid, Fishburne, Rogers, & Chissom, 1975). FRE can be used to evaluate the complexity of the text in order to determine the number of years of education that would be needed for someone to understand the text being assessed.…”

Section: Review Readabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

What makes a useful online review? Implication for travel product websites

Liu¹,

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…We aimed at creating a passage that would be decodable by most of the children with a targeted readability at or slightly below the children's current grade level. Readability analysis was carried out with the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Formula (Kincaid, Fishburne, Rogers, & Chissom, 1975), the Spache Readability Index (Spache, 1953), and the Dale-Chall Readability Index (Chall & Dale, 1995). Readability was computed and averaged across indexes, yielding an estimated grade level of 3.25.…”

Section: Phrase-final Commas (May Elicit Pauses Following Phrase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prosody of syntactically complex sentences in the oral reading of young children.

Miller¹,

Schwanenflugel²

2006

Journal of Educational Psychology

183

268

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prosodic, or expressive, reading is considered to be one of the essential features of the achievement of reading fluency. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the degree to which the prosody of syntactically complex sentences varied as a function of reading speed and accuracy and (b) the role that reading prosody might play in mediating individual differences in comprehension. Spectrographic analysis of 80 third graders' and 29 adults' reading of a syntactically complex text was carried out. Oral reading skill was measured through standardized assessments. Pitch changes (changes in fundamental frequency) and pause duration were measured for sentence-final words of basic declarative sentences, basic declarative quotatives, wh questions, and yes-no questions; words preceding commas in complex adjectival phrases; and words preceding phrase-final commas. Children who had quick and accurate oral reading had shorter and more adultlike pause structures, larger pitch declinations at the end of basic declarative sentences, and larger pitch rises at the end of yes-no questions. Furthermore, children who showed larger basic declarative sentence declinations and larger pitch rises following yes-no questions tended to demonstrate greater reading comprehension skills. Keywordsprosody; comprehension; oral reading; fluency; punctuation Over the past 3 decades, our understanding of what constitutes fluent reading has expanded considerably. What once was characterized solely by fast and accurate word recognition has grown to include a number of component skills. Although differing definitions are available, there is general agreement as to the elements of fluent reading. Fluent reading is typically defined as reading text with speed, accuracy, and proper expression (National Reading Panel, 2000). Moreover, Rasinski (2004) referred to reading fluency as the reader's ability to develop control over surface-level text processing, so that he or she can focus on understanding the deeper levels of meaning embedded in the text. Thus, fluency is not considered an end in itself but rather is seen as a crucial bridge to comprehension (Fuchs, Fuchs, Hosp, & Jenkins, 2001;Prescott-Griffin & Witherell, 2004).Although most would concur that the definition of fluent reading should include expressiveness as well as quick and accurate reading, expressiveness is rarely defined. Dowhower (1991) described the expressiveness aspect of fluency as synonymous with prosody (a term that refers to appropriate phrasing, pause structures, stress, and rise and fall patterns) and emphasized the syntactically linked nature of prosody. Cowie, Douglas-Cowie, and Wichmann (2002), however, made a distinction among prosody, fluency, and expressiveness. In their research, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paula J. Schwanenflugel, Department of Educational Psychology, 325 Aderhold Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. E-mail: pschwan@uga.edu. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript ...

show abstract

Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel

Cited by 2,446 publications

References 5 publications

Are Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedics Easily Read by Patients?

Are Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedics Easily Read by Patients?

What makes a useful online review? Implication for travel product websites

Prosody of syntactically complex sentences in the oral reading of young children.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About