Derivatives of Dicyanamide<sup>1</sup>

Frankel, Milton B.; Burns, E. A.; Butler, Janis C.; Wilson, Edgar R.

doi:10.1021/jo01044a068

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…MDNT has a relatively low melting point and mechanical sensitivity, making it a viable substitute for 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the production of melt‐casting explosives . MDNT was first synthesized in the 1960s, and since then, various synthesis methods have been developed and reported by a number of researchers . The synthesis method recently developed by Price has been recognized for its low cost and simplicity, which make it ideal for application on an industrial scale .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 MDNT was first synthesized in the 1960s, and since then, various synthesis methods have been developed and reported by a number of researchers. [6][7][8][9] The synthesis method recently developed by Price has been recognized for its low cost and simplicity, which make it ideal for application on an industrial scale. 10 However, despite these achievements, it is still difficult to induce scaled-up production of MDNT at an industrial level using traditional batch chemistry as these methods generate partially oxidized substances during their oxidation step, which uses H 2 O 2 and Na 2 WO 4 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Choi

Lee

Bae

2019

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Choi

Lee

Bae

2019

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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“…Literature suggests that mixtures of ammonium salts with dicyanamide anions may not be compatible. 61 4 ] may be compatible with HAN, but HAN may not be miscible in either liquid, requiring a third liquid solvent which may be undesirable. Furthermore, it is also unknown whether these mixtures will ignite by reasonable thermal or catalytic means.…”

Section: Binary Mixtures Of Imidazole-based Ionic Liquids As Monopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Berg

Rovey

2012

50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition

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Imidazole-based energetic ionic liquids capable of dual-mode chemical monopropellant or bipropellant and electric electrospray rocket propulsion are investigated. A literature review of ionic liquid physical properties is conducted to determine an initial set of ionic liquids that show favorable physical properties for both modes, followed by numerical and analytical performance simulations. Of the ionic liquids considered in this study, [Bmim][dca], [Bmim][NO 3 ], and [Emim][EtSO 4 ] meet or exceed the storability properties of hydrazine and their electrochemical properties are comparable to [Emim][Im], the current state-of-the-art electrospray propellant. Simulations show that these liquids do not perform well as chemical monopropellants, having 10-22% lower specific impulse due to their lack of oxidizing species. The ionic liquids show acceptable bipropellant performance when burned with standard oxidizers, having specific impulse 6-12% lower than monomethylhydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide combination. Considering these ionic liquids as a fuel component in a binary monopropellant mixture with hydroxyl ammonium nitrate shows 1-3% improved specific impulse over some green monopropellants, while retaining a higher molecular weight, reducing the number of electrospray emitters required to produce a given thrust level. More generally, ionic liquids with oxidizing anions perform well as chemical monopropellants while retaining high molecular weight desirable for electrospray propulsion missions. Nomenclature E max= maximum electric field e = fundamental charge F = thrust g o = acceleration of gravity I d = density specific impulse I emit = current flow per emitter I i = output current associated with charged particle emission I sp = specific impulse K = electrical conductivity MW = molecular weight m i = mass of particle i emit m = mass flow rate per emitter tot m = total mass flow rate N emit = number of emitters P c = chamber pressure P e = nozzle exit pressure Q = volume flow rate q = particle charge R = gas constant R A = ion fraction T c = combustion temperature 2 T m = melting temperature V acc = electrostatic acceleration potential V e = exit velocity x i = mass fraction of species i ΔH 0 f = heat of formation δ av = average specific gravity ε = dielectric constant, or nozzle expansion ratio ε o = permittivity of free space γ = ratio of specific heats, or surface tension φ(ε) = proportionality coefficient ρ = density ρ i = density of species i ρ n = density of species n

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“…23 However, literature also indicates that while these do not react violently, they may be incompatible and react to form a new liquid, most likely a mixture including ammonium dicyanamide. [24][25][26] The other two ionic liquids may be more promising due to the fact that they are both acidic and are unlikely to react with another acidic salt solution, as is the case with HAN. However, the solubility of HAN in these fuels remains an unknown.…”

Section: Propellants and Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition Evaluation of Monopropellant Blends of HAN and Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Fuels

Berg

Rovey

2012

50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition

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Potential dual-mode monopropellant/electrospray capable binary mixtures of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate with ionic liquid fuels [Bmim][NO 3 ] and [Emim][EtSO 4 ] are synthesized and tested for monopropellant ignition capability in a micro reactor setup. The setup is benchmarked using 30% hydrogen peroxide solution decomposed via silver catalyst. Results show similar trends, but variance in the quantitative data obtained in literature. A parametric study on the geometry of the sample holder that contains the catalyst material in the reactor shows a large variance leading to the conclusion that quantitative data may only be compared to the exact same geometry. Hydrazine decomposition was conducted on unsupported iridium catalyst. The same trends in terms of pressure rise rate during decomposition (~160 mbar/s) are obtained with unsupported catalyst, but at 100 o C instead of room temperature for tests conducted on supported catalysts in literature. Two catalyst materials were tested with the novel propellants: rhenium and iridium. For the [Bmim][NO 3 ]/HAN propellant, rhenium preheated to 160 o C yielded a pressure slope of 26 mbar/s, compared to 14 mbar/s for iridium and 12 mbar/s for no catalyst at the same temperature. [Emim][EtSO 4 ]/HAN propellant shows slightly less activity at 160 o C preheat temperature, yielding a pressure slope of 20 mbar/s, 4 mbar/s, and 2.5 mbar/s for injection onto rhenium, iridium, and the thermal plate, respectively. Final results indicate that desirable ignition performance may potentially be obtained by using a supported rhenium catalyst, since the pressure slopes obtained with the new propellants on unsupported catalyst lie between that of hydrazine on iridium at 50 o C and room temperature.

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Derivatives of Dicyanamide¹

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Ignition Evaluation of Monopropellant Blends of HAN and Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Fuels

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Derivatives of Dicyanamide1

Cited by 25 publications

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Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Efficient and Safe Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐3,5‐Dinitro‐1,2,4‐Triazole Using Continuous Flow Chemistry

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Ignition Evaluation of Monopropellant Blends of HAN and Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Fuels

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Derivatives of Dicyanamide¹