Derived rule-following and transformations of stimulus function in a children's game: An application of PEAK-E with children with developmental disabilities

An Internal and Critical Review of the PEAK Relational Training System for Children with Autism and Related Intellectual Disabilities: 2014–2017

“…Overall, these findings indicate that the PEAK DT curriculum was more effective than treatment as usual in increasing participants' PEAK DTA scores. Table 3 shows that single-subject research on PEAK has included a wide array of advanced verbal and academic targets, including response variability as an operant (Dixon, Peach, Daar, & Penrod, 2017), tact extensions (McKeel, Rowsey, Belisle, Dixon, & Szekely, 2015b), autoclitics (Dixon, Peach, Daar, & Penrod, 2017), and stimulus equivalence outcomes such as derived listener responding (Dixon, Belisle, Rowsey, Speelman, Stanley, & Kime, 2016a) and gross motor equivalence (Dixon, Speelman, Rowsey, & Belisle, 2016e).…”

“…All published studies have employed the multiple baseline design (across individuals or across behavioral targets), with some incorporating additional components such as successive phases with treatment provided for different targets (e.g., Dixon et al, 2016e) for further replications, successive phases showing changes in untrained targets (e.g., Dixon, Belisle, Stanley, Daar, & Williams, 2016c), or maintenance phases (e.g., Belisle, Dixon, Stanley, Munoz, & Daar, 2016a;Dixon et al, 2016e). Of 10 treatment efficacy evaluations, seven involved child participants, and three involved adolescent participants.…”

“…Multiple baselines logic suggests implementation of the intervention across legs in a staggered fashion, so as to demonstrate that effects occur uniquely upon introduction of an independent variable. However, in several of the PEAK studies implementation was staggered across legs by one or a very few sessions (e.g., Dixon et al, 2016e). Although such baseline to treatment phase shifts always yielded positive changes of the dependent variable, because implementation on subsequent legs of the design occurred before the initial change was clearly stabilized, causal interpretations of resulting data may be weakened.…”

Standard Behavior under Legal Control: A Behavioristic Approach

“…155]. Это означает, что правило как антецедент в формуле поведения может быть связано с большим числом стимулов, чем в нем «заявлено»: благодаря правилу происходит трансформация функций средовых стимулов, «…когда функция предшествующего… стимула трансформируется с точки зрения (in terms) другого стимула» [Dixon, Speelman, Rowsey, 2016]. Тем более что характер правил этому однозначно способствует: «Вербальное поведение обычно является следствием нескольких причин.…”

“…Тем самым в инструкцию вводится отсылка к будущим обстоятельствам: анализ управляемого правилами поведения «…следует сфокусировать на связях между подразумеваемым (implicit) поведением и не присутствующими (non-presented) условиями подкрепления» [Pelaez, 2001, P. 9], что, тем не менее, «усиливает вероятность некоторой реакции в другое время в присутствии другого стимула» [Schlinger Jr., 1990. P. 81], и таким образом (вербальное) правило служит для трансформации средовых стимулов [Dixon, Speelman, Rowsey, 2016].…”