Dermatophyte Virulence Factors: Identifying and Analyzing Genes That May Contribute to Chronic or Acute Skin Infections

Achterman, Rebecca Rashid; White, Theodore C.

doi:10.1155/2012/358305

Cited by 94 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Aspartyl and serine peptidases are also associated with dermatophyte fungi, which infect the stratum corneum, nails, and hair of animals; here, they are implicated in promoting adherence to host cells and degradation of keratin during tissue invasion (17,18). Both Candida species and dermatophytes display expanded protein families of peptidases, supporting the idea that these molecules are key virulence factors (15,18). Given their central role in pathogenesis, there is also now considerable interest in identifying inhibitors of fungal peptidases as potential therapeutic drugs (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans , the causative agent of white-nose syndrome

O’Donoghue¹,

Knudsen²,

Beekman

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The authors note that in the abstract, lines 22-26, "To our knowledge, these results provide the first molecular insights into the secretome of P. destructans, and identify serine endopeptidases that have the clear potential to facilitate tissue invasion and pathogenesis in the mammalian host" were modified to correct an editorial oversight that occurred during the revision of the manuscript. The sentence has been corrected to read "These results provide molecular insights into the secretome of P. destructans, and identify serine endopeptidases that have the clear potential to facilitate tissue invasion and pathogenesis in the mammalian host." We apologize for this oversight.Also in the significance statement, lines 1-3, "To our knowledge, this work is the first to identify molecular factors produced by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats" has similarly been corrected to read "This work identifies molecular factors produced by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats."The online version has been corrected.www.pnas.org/cgi

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans , the causative agent of white-nose syndrome

O’Donoghue¹,

Knudsen²,

Beekman

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Dermatophyte infection induces delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, which are characterized by the action of macrophages as effector cells and secretion of some cytokines, such as interferon-γ (INF-γ) [9]. The pattern of protease secretion plays a key role in the immune and inflammatory responses [12]. The intensity of inflammation depends on the depth of the skin damage caused by the infection, and the damage is dependent on the high or lower secretion of proteases.…”

Section: Superficial and Cutaneous Fungal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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“…This is their site of communication with human beings as host [43] [44]. The major reservoirs of these fungi are pets, farm animals, or wild animals [45].…”

Section: Zoophilicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Prevalence of Dermatophytes in Semi-Arid Region of India

Sharma¹,

Kumawat²,

Sharma³

et al. 2015

AiM

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Earth has been documented as a natural territory for fungi which cover individual kingdom with evolution. In subsequently vertebrates developed keratin which was a part of life as a structural aspect. Few moulds have skilled to digest keratin and crop up from soil and wastewater habitats. They take part as a keratinolytic agent in the purification of α-keratins with an incidence of disulphide and hydrogen bonds which are improperly biodegradable. The best moulds genera to decay of keratin are Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The presences of these genera are open health issues in developing countries where they cause the mortal mycotic contagion. The reason behind this is perceived to be the poor hygienic environment and socioeconomic behaviour among people. The present review is a compilation of updated information concerning the nature of these keratinolytic moulds and abundances of most contributed developing countries including India.

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Dermatophyte Virulence Factors: Identifying and Analyzing Genes That May Contribute to Chronic or Acute Skin Infections

Cited by 94 publications

References 90 publications

Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans , the causative agent of white-nose syndrome

Destructin-1 is a collagen-degrading endopeptidase secreted by Pseudogymnoascus destructans , the causative agent of white-nose syndrome

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Distribution and Prevalence of Dermatophytes in Semi-Arid Region of India

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