Dermoscopy is useful for bed bug (<i>Cimex lectularius</i>) bites

Shirato, Toru; Iwata, Hiroaki; Yoshimoto, Norihiro; Nomura, Yukiko; Yamane, Naoko; Shimizu, Hiroshi

doi:10.1111/jdv.12938

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although bed bugs ( Cimex lectularius ) may be visible to the naked eye, they often escape identification due to their nocturnal feeding pattern. Bed bugs bites typically present as intensely pruritic papules over face and extremities 136,137 . Dermoscopy (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In detail, Shirato et al . reported tiny haemorrhagic spots representing the bite marks associated with diffuse telangiectasias, 136 while Cinotti et al 137 . observed both purple dots on the lesions and a brown oval wingless insect (third stage nymph of Cimex lectularius ) on the skin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bed bugs bites typically present as intensely pruritic papules over face and extremities. 136,137 Dermoscopy (Fig. 3f) has been showed to help suspect a bed bug bite.…”

Section: Bed Bug Bitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature

Chauhan

Jindal

Errichetti

2022

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Besides classic applications, dermoscopy has gained significant appreciation also for non‐tumoral dermatoses (general dermatology). In this field, skin parasitoses (infestations), bites and stings have been reported among the conditions that may benefit most from dermoscopic examination. However, published data on this topic are sparse and often lack a standardized analytical approach. In this systematic review of the literature, we sought to summarize available data on dermoscopy of cutaneous parasitoses, bites and stings, analysing dermoscopic features and used setting (polarization or not/magnification), pathological correlation and level of evidence of published studies as well as trying to align dermoscopic terminology of reported findings following a standardized methodology. A total of 150 publications addressing 29 different dermatoses and reporting 96 different dermoscopic findings were included in the analysis. Most of them displayed a level of evidence of V (113 single case reports and 36 case series), with only one study featuring a level of evidence of IV (case–control study). Additionally, our analysis also displayed poor uniformity in the terminology used in published articles (even for the same dermatosis). Therefore, albeit promising, dermoscopy of cutaneous parasitoses, bites and stings needs future systematized studies for a better characterization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature

Chauhan

Jindal

Errichetti

2022

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…Both cell‐mediated and IgE‐mediated (and possibly IgG‐mediated) immune mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to C. lectularius cimicosis . However, there are conflicting reports about elevated total IgE levels in persons with cimicosis, and the role of T cells remains unclear . Objectives of this study were to record cimicosis dermal reactions in study subjects serially fed on by C. lectularius and to sequentially measure their total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgE and serum cytokines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody and cytokine levels in humans fed on by the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius L

Sheele

Ridge

Coppolino

et al. 2017

Parasite Immunology

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Little is known about cimicosis, the resultant dermal reaction from feeding activity by the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius L. We fed C. lectularius on human study subjects four times over four weeks and measured serum cytokine and antibody levels, and subjects recorded any cimicosis. The average time for subjects to develop cimicosis decreased with each feeding from 8.4, to 2.1, 1.5 and 1.3 days, respectively. There were no significant changes in total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 or IgE levels between the first and fourth bedbug feedings, but there was a significant decrease in total IgG3 levels (P<.001). IgG4 was not required for cimicosis. Higher IgG2 and IgG4 levels at study visit 4 were associated with an increased duration of cimicosis (P=.04) and lower pruritis (P=.03), respectively. There were no significant changes in serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A levels before and one hour after the C. lectularius feeding. Lower post-C. lectularius feeding IL-6 levels were associated with increased pruritis (P=.001) and the time to maximum pruritis (P=.04), respectively. Higher post-C. lectularius feeding IL-5 levels were associated with a longer duration of pruritis (P=.05).

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“…27 Cimicosis has been proposed to result from cell-mediated and immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune responses, although the role of T cells, IgE levels and IgG remains unclear. 11,14,15,17,[28][29][30][31][32] Bed bugs are widely reported to be associated with allergic reactions including angioedema, asthma, anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reaction, but this association is based on very little experimental data and mostly comes from case reports or has been extrapolated from studies involving other insects. 3,11,15,24,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Urticaria or pruritic skin lesions are the most known bed bug-associated allergic conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions

Sheele

2021

Parasite Immunology

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Cimex lectularius L., known as the common bed bug, is a bloodfeeding ectoparasite of humans. [1][2][3] All nymphal life stages of C lectularius require a blood meal and moult, whereas adults take blood meals for reproduction and sustenance. 2,3 In established infestations, bed bug population size can range from dozens to thousands of insects, with most bed bugs feeding every few days. 3,4 Bed bugs defecate within minutes of feeding, and their faeces contain a large amount of histamine, which serves as a bed bug aggregation pheromone. [5][6][7][8] Houses infested with bed bugs have substantially higher histamine levels (54.6 mcg/100 mg) than uninfested houses (<2.5 mcg/100 mg), and these high levels persist in the environment even after a house is heat-treated for the infestation. 6 The clinical significance of increased histamine levels in houses infested with bed bugs has not been studied, but histamine is a central mediator for allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Topical and intradermal histamine causes hives, welts and pruritus; inhaled histamine causes bronchospasm; and exposure to higher doses of histamine can lead to anaphylaxis. 9Cimicosis is the pruritic dermal reaction most people experience after being fed on by bed bugs. 10 Cimicosis likely represents an allergic reaction to bed bug saliva, although there has been a report of a person developing skin welts where the bed bug walked. [11][12][13] Most persons develop pruritic cimicosis about a week after their first time of being fed on by a bed bug. 2,3,12,[14][15][16][17] With subsequent feedings, most people eventually develop a rash within seconds to minutes. [2][3][4]14,15 The number of people who do not develop dermal reactions to bed bug feedings is unknown but may be about 20% to 30% of the population. 10,[18][19][20][21][22] Host factors associated with bed bug anergy or desensitization are complex and unknown, but it is possible that repeated exposure to bed bug feedings could lead to

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Dermoscopy is useful for bed bug (Cimex lectularius) bites

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature

Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature

Antibody and cytokine levels in humans fed on by the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius L

Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions

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