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Human activities threaten the integrity of watersheds. We aimed to investigate the impact of land use on water quality, adopting a multiscale approach. We collected water samples from twelve streams in Southern Brazil and conducted limnological analyses (physical, chemical, and biological) during the dry season. We used the water quality index based on the quality standards of Canada and Brazil. Land use percentage was measured in two groups (local scale and network scale). Environmental variables were summarized through Principal Component Analysis, and we organized them into Linear Models, integrating the percentage of land use classes and terrain slope in the Multifit formula. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software. Results indicated contamination by lead, chromium, copper, nitrogen, and Escherichia coli in water samples. The Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life resulted in an index ranging from 23.3 to 47.3, compared to the Brazilian Resolution No. 357/2005 for Class 2, which had an index ranging from 47.5 to 100. This disparity is attributed to the more rigorous and sensitive monitoring approach adopted by the Canadian guidelines. Riparian forests which are up to 50 m wide are associated with improved water quality. Agricultural and urban activities were the main contributors to water quality degradation in an area extending up to 1000 m from the watershed. We emphasize the importance of a multiscale approach in watershed management and public policies, considering not only riparian forest preservation, but also human activities throughout the watershed. It is crucial to prioritize science-based environmental public policies and strengthen enforcement to prevent increasingly pronounced environmental collapses. We have identified the urgency to reformulate CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 with a more conservationist and ecosystem-oriented approach, as well as to propose modifications to the Brazilian Forest Code, particularly regarding the buffer zones of permanent preservation areas. Thus, this study can provide insights, such as incorporating the “effect scale,” to enhance water resource management in landscapes heavily influenced by human action, contributing to the advancement of future research in freshwater ecosystems.
Human activities threaten the integrity of watersheds. We aimed to investigate the impact of land use on water quality, adopting a multiscale approach. We collected water samples from twelve streams in Southern Brazil and conducted limnological analyses (physical, chemical, and biological) during the dry season. We used the water quality index based on the quality standards of Canada and Brazil. Land use percentage was measured in two groups (local scale and network scale). Environmental variables were summarized through Principal Component Analysis, and we organized them into Linear Models, integrating the percentage of land use classes and terrain slope in the Multifit formula. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software. Results indicated contamination by lead, chromium, copper, nitrogen, and Escherichia coli in water samples. The Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life resulted in an index ranging from 23.3 to 47.3, compared to the Brazilian Resolution No. 357/2005 for Class 2, which had an index ranging from 47.5 to 100. This disparity is attributed to the more rigorous and sensitive monitoring approach adopted by the Canadian guidelines. Riparian forests which are up to 50 m wide are associated with improved water quality. Agricultural and urban activities were the main contributors to water quality degradation in an area extending up to 1000 m from the watershed. We emphasize the importance of a multiscale approach in watershed management and public policies, considering not only riparian forest preservation, but also human activities throughout the watershed. It is crucial to prioritize science-based environmental public policies and strengthen enforcement to prevent increasingly pronounced environmental collapses. We have identified the urgency to reformulate CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 with a more conservationist and ecosystem-oriented approach, as well as to propose modifications to the Brazilian Forest Code, particularly regarding the buffer zones of permanent preservation areas. Thus, this study can provide insights, such as incorporating the “effect scale,” to enhance water resource management in landscapes heavily influenced by human action, contributing to the advancement of future research in freshwater ecosystems.
As atividades humanas têm causado degradação dos corpos hídricos ao longo do tempo. Sendo assim, a criação de um plano de gestão de recursos hídricos, visando compreender os rios que existem atualmente e os rios que se deseja obter se torna ferramenta fundamental. O presente trabalho possui o objetivo de analisar o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas para enquadramento de corpos hídricos com base na legislação, através do cálculo do Índice de Conformidade ao Enquadramento (ICE) e do emprego da análise probabilística no período de 2012 a 2014 em comparação ao ano de 2022 em rios da área urbana do município de Caxias do Sul/RS. Foram analisados 11 pontos abrangendo as sub-bacias Faxinal, Maestra, Tega, Belo, Piaí e Pinhal. Para o cálculo do ICE foram analisados 14 parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os resultados do ICE apontaram a não conformidade e/ou o afastamento do enquadramento proposto nos dois períodos de estudo, demonstrando a dificuldade de alcançar a meta proposta de enquadramento devido a contaminação por meio de efluentes industriais e domésticos com elevada carga orgânica no corpo hídrico. Com base nas curvas probabilísticas, foi possível constatar que os parâmetros que mais contribuíram com o afastamento do enquadramento foram coliformes termotolerantes e fósforo. A análise estatística permitiu ainda concluir que os períodos analisados não apresentam diferença significativa da qualidade da água. Isto expressa a importância da revisão dos enquadramentos com metas e fiscalizações progressivas para que se possa atingir a proposição de enquadramento proposta para o uso da água definido pela população.
Inadequate effluent disposal has caused damage to the environment worldwide. This study aimed to perform a scientometric analysis of studies exploiting fungi applied to improve the quality of effluents. We used Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases to search for publications between 1980 and 2023. The pollutants and effluent quality parameters most commonly addressed in scientific literature were identified, revealing trends and gaps in the field. A correlation analysis was performed between the variables Research and Development (R&D), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and number of inhabitants per country to investigate whether these variables are correlated with the number of research studies in each country. In addition, a linear regression was performed to investigate the effect of the number of inhabitants per country of each country on the number of studies. A total of 11183 articles were obtained, of which 2001 were identified as related to the main topic, and then more than 30 different types of pollutants were removed, such as primarily including dyes (951), phenolic compounds (682), and heavy metals (562). Concerning effluent quality parameters, chemical oxygen demand was most frequently mentioned in the articles obtained from the literature review (620). The world’s most populous countries produce the largest number of studies related to the topic. Our results highlight the bioremediation potential importance of fungi in the scientific literature, even under inhospitable conditions for microorganisms (such as toxicity, low temperatures, and high acidity), reducing environmental damage in aquatic environments and mitigating harm to public health.
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