Desajuste psicosocial en la adolescencia: socialización parental, autoestima y uso de sustancias

Abstract

Este estudio analiza la vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes a partir de la autoestima y el consumo de sustancias, y la protección o riesgo del estilo de socialización. La muestra fue de 1445 adolescentes españoles (59.4% mujeres), 600 tempranos de 12 a 15 años (41.5%) y 845 tardíos de 16 a 17 años (58.5%). Las familias se clasificaron en una de las cuatro tipologías: indulgente, autorizativa, autoritaria y negligente. El ajuste de los hijos se midió con autoestima (emocional, familiar y física) y consumo de sustancias (alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y drogas de síntesis). Los resultados mostraron que en la adolescencia tardía la vulnerabilidad fue mayor que en la temprana. Se encontró una interacción entre la etapa de la adolescencia y el sexo. Los adolescentes tardíos presentaron mayor consumo de sustancias (aunque no las adolescentes) en cannabis y drogas de síntesis. La menor autoestima emocional correspondió a las adolescentes tardías y la menor autoestima familiar a los adolescentes tardíos. El estilo parental no interactuó con la etapa de la adolescencia ni con el sexo. El estilo indulgente igualó, o incluso mejoró, la protección respecto del autorizativo, mientras que los estilos parentales autoritario y negligente actuaron como factores de riesgo.

Parenting Styles and Aggressive Adolescents: Relationships with Self-esteem and Personal Maladjustment

“…emotional irresponsiveness or emotional instability). In a similar way, studies with adolescents describe age-related reductions in self-esteem and increases in psychological maladjustment Martinez, García et al, 2019;Riquelme et al, 2018).…”

“…On the other hand, findings from emergent research in European and Latin American countries have also pointed out that the indulgent parenting style (warmth but non-strictness) provides equal or even better benefits than the authoritative parenting style (warmth and strictness) (Calafat et al, 2014;García & Gracia, 2009Di Maggio & Zappulla, 2014;Martinez & Garcia, 2007Rodrigues, Veiga, Fuentes, & Garcia, 2013;Valente et al, 2017). Adolescents from indulgent families had the same or better scores on outcomes such as self-esteem (Fuentes, Garcia, Gracia, & Alarcon, 2015;Garcia, Serra, Zacares, & Garcia, 2018;Riquelme, Garcia, & Serra, 2018;Rodrigues et al, 2013) and psychological health adjustment (Calafat et al, 2014;García & Gracia, 2009Garcia, Serra, Zacares, Calafat, & Garcia, 2019). In addition, indulgent parenting provides benefits against deviance.…”

Validation of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 in Brazil: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Language (Brazilian and Spanish), Gender, and Age

“…Clinical studies have shown, in a children and adolescents community sample, that food neophobia presented different associations with social, physical, and academic self-concept (Maiz and Balluerka, 2018); furthermore, an emotional intelligence program for women with breast cancer showed general increase on the five AF5 self-concept factor scores and a decrease in anxiety (Cejudo et al, 2017). Studies on adolescent problems with community samples showed that low emotional, family, and physical self-concept are associated with initiation into substance use during early adolescence (Riquelme et al, 2018); that more vulnerable adolescent victims of gender-based violence have the lowest emotional and physical self-concept (Abilleira and Rodicio-García, 2017); and that lastly, in analyzing school violence, adolescents with high levels of participation in the community obtained high scores on academic and social self-concept and on satisfaction with life, and low scores on loneliness (Crespo-Ramos et al, 2017). From the positive psychology perspective, in a community sample of adolescents, it was revealed that the most contributing factor to increase the subjective well-being is family self-concept (González-Carrasco et al, 2017).…”

“…From the positive psychology perspective, in a community sample of adolescents, it was revealed that the most contributing factor to increase the subjective well-being is family self-concept (González-Carrasco et al, 2017). Finally, parenting studies analyzing the influence of parental practices on self-concept in Spain (Fuentes et al, 2015b; Riquelme et al, 2018), other European (Calafat et al, 2014) and Latin-American countries (Peru, Bustos et al, 2015; Carranza and Bermúdez-Jaimes, 2017; Brazil, Martínez et al, 2007; Martínez and García, 2008), and also in the United States (García et al, 2013), have shown that parenting characterized by the use of acceptance and involvement practices is associated with higher levels of self-concept, in several dimensions, than parenting characterized by the use of practices of strictness and imposition (Fuentes et al, 2011a,b; Martínez-González et al, 2016; Martínez et al, 2017, 2019). …”

Children’s and Mothers’ Achievement Goal Orientations and Self-Efficacy: Dyadic Contributions to Students’ Well-Being

“…The decline in the intensity of children's mastery goal orientations was found elsewhere in previous studies as well, which explained this finding as a negative age-related change in adolescents' motivation and self-perceptions [85,86,[115][116][117]. Specifically, adolescence is considered a developmental period associated with some degree of psychosocial vulnerability [118], during which, compared to other life periods, it is more likely that a decrease in self-concept [119,120], lowered academic competence [116], and even drug use [121] will appear.…”