Desalinating microalgal-rich water via thermoresponsive membrane distillation

Biofouling phenomena in membrane distillation: mechanisms and mitigation strategies

“…27 In other instances, high pressure water is utilized. 67 Lyly et al (2021) 79 used deionised water to restore the performance of PTFE membranes during treatment of synthetic seawater spiked with BSA and microalgae (Cylindrotheca fusiformis). The following steps were implemented for physical cleaning: (1) ow of pure cold-water (at 25 °C) for 10 min, followed by (2) hot water (at 60 °C) for 10 min and nally (3) cold-water for 5 min.…”

Thermosensitive Microfibril Cellulose/MnO2 Membrane: Dual Network Structure, Photothermal Smart Modulation for Switchable Emulsion Separation

“…47,48 Moreover, the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible. 49 On the basis of the Flory− Huggins free energy of polymer mixing, the polymer chains can gain an increase in entropy by moving to the polymer mixture at the interface, thus prompting a more solid polymerization of PNIPAM without the influence of PVDF. 49 Algarni et al successfully prepared thermally responsive PNIPAM-b-PVDF block copolymer membranes, which verified that the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible.…”

“…49 On the basis of the Flory− Huggins free energy of polymer mixing, the polymer chains can gain an increase in entropy by moving to the polymer mixture at the interface, thus prompting a more solid polymerization of PNIPAM without the influence of PVDF. 49 Algarni et al successfully prepared thermally responsive PNIPAM-b-PVDF block copolymer membranes, which verified that the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible. 38 In addition, MnO 2 nanowires and MFC had no thermodynamic influence on the polymerization between PNIPAM and PVDF in a solvent.…”

“…Polymers are immiscible in the absence of specific interactions, and this is also the main reason why polymers are difficult to polymerize or copolymerize. − It is well-known that the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ < 0.5 is generally indicative of a good solvent, whereas χ > 0.5 indicates a poor solvent. The value of χ between NIPAM and water is 0.5–0.65, but the balance between enthalpy and entropy contributions of NIPAM at temperatures below LCST leads to its good solubility. , The χ value between PVDF and DMF is lower than 0.5, which means DMF is a good solvent for PVDF. , Moreover, the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible . On the basis of the Flory–Huggins free energy of polymer mixing, the polymer chains can gain an increase in entropy by moving to the polymer mixture at the interface, thus prompting a more solid polymerization of PNIPAM without the influence of PVDF .…”

“…The value of χ between NIPAM and water is 0.5–0.65, but the balance between enthalpy and entropy contributions of NIPAM at temperatures below LCST leads to its good solubility. , The χ value between PVDF and DMF is lower than 0.5, which means DMF is a good solvent for PVDF. , Moreover, the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible . On the basis of the Flory–Huggins free energy of polymer mixing, the polymer chains can gain an increase in entropy by moving to the polymer mixture at the interface, thus prompting a more solid polymerization of PNIPAM without the influence of PVDF . Algarni et al successfully prepared thermally responsive PNIPAM- b -PVDF block copolymer membranes, which verified that the interaction between PNIPAM and PVDF is thermodynamically compatible .…”