Describing of Referral Health System for Pregnant Women in Al-Najaf-Iraq

Abstract

Background:The development of actual patient referral systems is considered one of the important public health issues in developing countries. Primary health care services will not be benefit without effective procedures in the hospital that support to refer the patients who need special services. The medical health care system in Iraq based on a hospital oriented and capital-intensive model that has limited efficiency and does not have equitable access.Objective: This study was conducted to describe the referral health system in Al-Najaf province, Iraq.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study has described the referral health system in Iraq, Al-Najaf province. This study is the first national research has been conducted to describe the referral health system (the pregnant women as an example). The researcher has reviewed a group of studies reported in (Medline, WHO Portal, POPLINE, PubMed) databases that have assessed the referral health system. The medical services for women are provided in an integrated and comprehensive manner covering preventive, promotive and curative aspects of care in a set of phases are (antenatal care, delivery care, postnatal care, family planning and care for the newborn).Outcomes: The referral system in Iraq is classified to three levels are: PHC main centers which is including three categories of PHC (A-approx. 817 centers delivered all the primary health care services), (B-approx. 19 centers includes the same services as a category (A) plus a training place) and(C-approx. 123 centers includes the same services as Class (A) in addition to emergency care services. Second, PHC Subcenters (called Category D) includes 53 centers deliver simple curative services, immunization activities and simple maternal and child health services. Third, Hospitals: Secondary and tertiary care levels are provided by 208 government hospitals, providing 36 057 hospital beds and 80 private hospitals (2 273 beds). Conclusion:Decades of war and sanctions have seriously compromised the function of the health system. There are adequate financial resources, but with a shortage of skills, strategies and human resource development. In addition, the health strategies have failed to link needs, strategic plans, and training programs together.

Effect of Educational Instructions on Pregnant Women's Knowledge and Attitudes regarding Toxoplasmosis

“…The study findings displays that nearly one fifth of them had positive attitudes regarding toxoplasmosis pre implementation of the educational instructions compared to the most of them immediately with an obvious improvement one month post implementation of educational instructions with highly statistical significant differences. The current study findings partially agree with Ibadi et al (2018) who declared that slightly more than one half of the studied pregnant women had positive attitude at the baseline assessment, compared to the most of them had positive attitude at first posttest, which improved at the second post-test. They also pointed that there was a statistical significant difference within the three stages of data collection for all items of attitude.…”

“…The current study findings are consistent with, Abd El-Aal et al ( 2021) who studied the effect of educational intervention on correction of misconception about toxoplasmosis among pregnant women and stated that total score of knowledge aspects about toxoplasmosis infection of the pregnant women was highly significantly increased in the post intervention compared to pre-intervention. In line with the present study the findings of Ibadi et al (2018) who studied the impact of health intervention on improving knowledge and attitude of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis at Al-Najaf province in Iraq and found that the majority of them had low knowledge at the baseline assessment, while at the first posttest and second post-test the knowledge score for the experimental group became better. Ibadi et al (2018) also pointed out that there is a statistical significant difference within the three stages of data collection for all items of knowledge.…”

“…In line with the present study the findings of Ibadi et al (2018) who studied the impact of health intervention on improving knowledge and attitude of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis at Al-Najaf province in Iraq and found that the majority of them had low knowledge at the baseline assessment, while at the first posttest and second post-test the knowledge score for the experimental group became better. Ibadi et al (2018) also pointed out that there is a statistical significant difference within the three stages of data collection for all items of knowledge. In addition, the findings of the present study is partially congruent with Hassan (2018), who studied the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on anxiety and perception regarding toxoplasmosis among seropositive pregnant women in Northern Upper Egypt and demonstrated that the majority of women scored poor knowledge preprogram, whereas immediately post program more than two thirds of them scored good knowledge, and all of them gained a good knowledge score at the retained test postprogram.…”

Transforming traditional CRM into social CRM: An empirical investigation in Iraqi healthcare industry

“…Moreover, currently Iraqi healthcare system is using CRM in their daily communication activities and interactions with patients. Although, with the high IT spending in Iraq and great benefits of using web technologies in business activities, many recent studies ( Ibadi, 2018 ; Lafta et al., 2018 ) have shown that Iraqi healthcare organizations are not using social media in their CRM activities. In this regard, the level of web technology using in Iraqi healthcare organizations is unsatisfactory.…”

Practice and Opinion of Doctors in Primary Health Care Centers Toward Referral System: Samples from Nine Governorates in Iraq

“…This complexity often causes inefficient referral decisions & referral communication, which in turn affects the quality and cost of care. Hence, it is important to improve both the decision-making as well as the communication aspects of the process to enhance the overall outcome of the referral system (7,10).…”