Description of cloacoscopy in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to describe cloacoscopy in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and to evaluate its efficacy in clinical practice. Cloacoscopy was performed on 31 turtles, 23 females and 8 males. Thirty minutes before anaesthesia, meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. Turtles were anaesthetised with a combination of 0.04 mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 4 mg/kg ketamine administered intramuscularly. Cloacoscopy was performed with a diagnostic telescope (10 mm diameter, 30 cm long, 0°, with an operating sheath) or with a flexible colonoscope (13 mm diameter, 160 cm long). Turtles were placed in dorsal recumbence and endoscope was inserted through the vent. In the distal part of the proctodeum, phallus or clitoris were easily visualized. A finger and thumb were placed around the vent to act as a valve in order to control the fluid infusion. Flushing the cloaca with warm saline and 0.6% lidocaine allowed clear view. The urethral orifice was located centrally within the urogenital sinus. Further proximally, the slit of the urodeum with the distal sphincter of the colon could be visualized. Passing gently through the urethral orifice allowed direct visualization of the urinary bladder. After withdrawing and re-directing the endoscope into the coprodeum, the terminal part of the intestine was reached. From 31 loggerhead turtles examined, fishing lines were found in 23 animals. Cloacoscopy proved to be a feasible diagnostic method and it is suggested as a routine diagnostic tool for clinical assessment of loggerhead turtle patients.

Endoscopy and rectal enema for fecal collection in wild sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata) in a field setting

“…Cloacoscopy, or endoscopic examination of the cloaca, was first described while evaluating intra‐cloacal drug administration in red‐eared terrapins ( Chrysemys scripta elegans ) (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985). In reptiles cloacoscopy allows for evaluation of the reproductive, urinary, and lower gastrointestinal tracts (Minter et al, 2010; Spadola et al, 2016). It is a useful technique for retrieval of gastrointestinal foreign bodies (e.g., marine debris) and removal of ectopic eggs and their remnants from reptiles, including chelonians (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985; Divers, 2015; Franzen‐Klein et al, 2020; Innis, 2004; Jekl et al, 2007; Knotek et al, 2009; Minter et al, 2010; Oliveira et al, 2020; Pressler et al, 2003; Spadola et al, 2016; Stahl, 2005; Taylor, 2006).…”

“…In reptiles cloacoscopy allows for evaluation of the reproductive, urinary, and lower gastrointestinal tracts (Minter et al, 2010; Spadola et al, 2016). It is a useful technique for retrieval of gastrointestinal foreign bodies (e.g., marine debris) and removal of ectopic eggs and their remnants from reptiles, including chelonians (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985; Divers, 2015; Franzen‐Klein et al, 2020; Innis, 2004; Jekl et al, 2007; Knotek et al, 2009; Minter et al, 2010; Oliveira et al, 2020; Pressler et al, 2003; Spadola et al, 2016; Stahl, 2005; Taylor, 2006). Additionally, cloacoscopy can aid in sex determination of neonate or juvenile turtles, including sea turtles (Divers, 2010; Spadola & Insacco, 2009; Spadola et al, 2016).…”

“…It is a useful technique for retrieval of gastrointestinal foreign bodies (e.g., marine debris) and removal of ectopic eggs and their remnants from reptiles, including chelonians (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985; Divers, 2015; Franzen‐Klein et al, 2020; Innis, 2004; Jekl et al, 2007; Knotek et al, 2009; Minter et al, 2010; Oliveira et al, 2020; Pressler et al, 2003; Spadola et al, 2016; Stahl, 2005; Taylor, 2006). Additionally, cloacoscopy can aid in sex determination of neonate or juvenile turtles, including sea turtles (Divers, 2010; Spadola & Insacco, 2009; Spadola et al, 2016). It has also served to guide partial prolapse and tissue resection in chelonians, provided vital information about reproductive activity and disease, helped diagnose intestinal strictures in green sea turtles, and proven useful in diagnosing cloacal disorders (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985; Divers, 2010; Erlacher‐Reid et al, 2013; Spadola et al, 2016).…”

“…Additionally, cloacoscopy can aid in sex determination of neonate or juvenile turtles, including sea turtles (Divers, 2010; Spadola & Insacco, 2009; Spadola et al, 2016). It has also served to guide partial prolapse and tissue resection in chelonians, provided vital information about reproductive activity and disease, helped diagnose intestinal strictures in green sea turtles, and proven useful in diagnosing cloacal disorders (Coppoolse & Zwart, 1985; Divers, 2010; Erlacher‐Reid et al, 2013; Spadola et al, 2016).…”