Description of Eight Phases of Spermiogenesis in the Marmoset Testis

Haider, Syed G.; Passia, D; Treiber, Annemarie; Milhorst, Susanne

doi:10.1159/000146750

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The nine spermatogenic stages described by Holt and Moore [18] correspond to the six stages as follows: stage I remains stage I, stages II and III are combined into stage II, stage IV becomes stage III, stages V and VI are combined into stage IV, stages VII and VIII are combined into stage V, and stage IX becomes stage VI. These observations further corroborate the similarity between human and marmoset seminiferous epithelial architecture [19]. It had been noticed previously [18] that in the marmoset testis, spermatogenic stages could be described better on the basis of cellular associations rather than acrosome development.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…We attempted to apply the human spermatogenic classification system (six stages) introduced by Clermont [24] to the marmoset testis because others researchers [19] have suggested that the organization of the seminiferous epithelium in marmosets is comparable to that of humans, i.e., several spermatogenic stages per tubular cross section. The presence of several stages per cross section was very obvious, and it remains unclear why this finding had not been noted in the initial morphological description of marmoset spermatogenesis [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present investigation, germ cell and Sertoli cell numbers and testicular apoptosis were quantified for the first time in this species. Holt and Moore [18] described nine stages of spermatogenesis, and subsequent work suggested that the distribution of spermatogenic stages in the common marmoset resembles that of humans, with more than one stage per tubule cross section [19]. Therefore, we also examined whether the six-stage system, commonly used for stage-related analysis of human spermatogenesis [5], could also be applied to the marmoset germinal epithelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Analysis of Spermatogenesis and Apoptosis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Reveals High Rates of Spermatogonial Turnover and High Spermatogenic Efficiency1

Weinbauer¹,

Aslam²,

Krishnamurthy³

et al. 2001

Biology of Reproduction

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Spermatogenesis is characterized by the succession in time and space of specific germ cell associations (stages). There can be a single stage (e.g., rodents and some macaques) or more than one stage (e.g., chimpanzee and human) per tubular cross section. We analyzed the organization of the seminiferous epithelium and quantified testicular germ cell production and apoptosis in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Tubule cross sections contained more than one stage, and the human six-stage system could be applied to marmoset spermatogenesis. Stereological (optical disector) analysis (n = 5) revealed high spermatogenic efficiency during meiosis and no loss of spermatids during spermiogenesis. The conversion of type A to type B spermatogonia was several-fold higher than that reported for other primates. Highest apoptotic rates were found for S-phase cells (20%) and 4C cells (15%) by flow cytometric analysis (n = 6 animals); histological analysis confirmed spermatogonial apoptosis. Haploid germ cell apoptosis was <2%. Marmoset spermatogenesis is very efficient and involves substantial spermatogonial proliferation. The prime determinants of germ cell production in primates appear to be proliferation and survival of spermatogonia rather than the efficiency of meiotic divisions. Based on the organizational similarities, common marmosets could provide a new animal model for experimental studies of human spermatogenesis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Analysis of Spermatogenesis and Apoptosis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Reveals High Rates of Spermatogonial Turnover and High Spermatogenic Efficiency1

Weinbauer¹,

Aslam²,

Krishnamurthy³

et al. 2001

Biology of Reproduction

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“…Although it is possible to define spermatogenic stages for different primate species (e.g. Clermont & Antar, 1973;Chowdury & Steinberger, 1976 ;de Rooij, van Alphen & van de Kant, 1986 ;Haider et al, 1989;Zhengwei et al, 1997 ;Aslam et al, 2002), the six-stage scheme established for human spermatogenesis (Clermont, 1963) can be adapted to describe germ cell associations in the common marmoset (Weinbauer et al, 2001a), the cynomolgus monkey (Dietrich et al, 1986) and many other nonhuman primate species (Table 1, Fig. 1).…”

Section: Organisation Of the Seminiferous Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Primate spermato gene sis: new insights into comparative testicular organisation, spermatogenic efficiency and endocrine control

Luetjens¹,

Weinbauer

Wistuba³

2005

Biological Reviews

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Owing to the close phylogenetic relationship of Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys) to man, nonhuman primates are often used as models for the study of male reproductive physiology and endocrinology. This review aims at providing new data and insights into comparative primate spermatogenesis, dealing specifically with quantitative aspects of germinal epithelial organisation and germ cell production, and with the roles of gonadotrophic hormones in this process. Typically, the seminiferous epithelium is composed of specific germ cell associations (spermatogenic stages). In rodents, prosimians and most Catarrhini, tubular cross sections contain a single spermatogenic stage whereas in Platyrrhini, great apes and man multi-stage tubules are present. Since Platyrrhini represent a more basal type of primate, this spermatogenic feature must have developed convergently. The primate multi-stage tubular arrangement was previously believed to be associated with low spermatogenic efficiency. However, recent studies using new methodological approaches and comparing primate species from all taxa have revealed that multistage organisation is compatible with highly efficient spermatogenesis. In fact, meta-analysis demonstrated that the efficiency of spermatogenesis in several nonhuman primate species is comparable to that of rodents which are considered as species with highly efficient germ cell production. The duration of the spermatogenic process was not related to organisation or efficiency of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cell work load was species-specific but had no impact on germ cell numbers and on the efficiency of spermatogenesis. The gonadotrophic hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are the primary regulators of primate testicular function. Recent studies revealed that in New World monkeys chorionic gonadotrophin (CG)--the primate pregnancy hormone--regulates testosterone production instead of LH. Receptor studies demonstrated a dual action of the closely related hormones LH and CG in primates. It is hypothesised that following the divergence of the Platyrrhini lineage from Catarrhini, the LH/CG system evolved independently with ancestral functions of the LH/CG system retained in the neotropical taxa. In summary, key spermatogenic features are preserved across all primate taxa whereas male reproductive endocrinology features appear substantially different in the neotropical primates compared to other primate lineages.

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“…Testes for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were ®xed by immersion in Bouins¯uid for 5.5 h and then processed into paraf®n wax as described previously (Millar et al, 1993). Testes for morphological examination were ®xed by immersion in 5.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Sorenson's Buffer for 24 h and then processed into epoxy resin, as described by Haider et al (1989). Human testicular samples (n 5) and rat testes from control adult animals (n 6) were obtained from an in-house tissue archive; all had been ®xed in Bouins either by immersion (human) or perfusion (rat, Millar et al, 1993).…”

Section: Tissue Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marmoset spermatogenesis: organizational similarities to the human

et al. 2000

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The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate of high fecundity, is widely used in reproductive research. The aim of the present study was to determine the organization of the germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium, the duration of the spermatogenic cycle and the number of spermatogonial mitoses. Antibodies to cAMP response element modulator (CREM) and proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA) and a cRNA directed against protamine P2 and morphological criteria were used to discriminate between stages of the spermatogenic cycle. Plastic sections were used to document the cell associations present in each of the nine stages of spermatogenesis. Up to five such stages could be observed within individual cross-sections of seminiferous tubules. Based on the pattern of incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine the length of the spermatogenic cycle was estimated to be 10 days and the duration of spermatogenesis to be 37 days. Four mitotic divisions were noted in spermatogonia. It is concluded that the organization of spermatogenesis in the marmoset has similarities to the human ('helical') and this makes the marmoset a suitable model for studies relevant to human testicular function.

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Description of Eight Phases of Spermiogenesis in the Marmoset Testis

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Spermatogenesis and Apoptosis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Reveals High Rates of Spermatogonial Turnover and High Spermatogenic Efficiency1

Quantitative Analysis of Spermatogenesis and Apoptosis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Reveals High Rates of Spermatogonial Turnover and High Spermatogenic Efficiency1

Primate spermato gene sis: new insights into comparative testicular organisation, spermatogenic efficiency and endocrine control

Marmoset spermatogenesis: organizational similarities to the human

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