“…The rate of increase in the critical shear stresses due to the grain-boundary hardening mechanism is defined as follows [ 39 , 41 ]: where is the hardening-law parameter, V is the grain volume, is the contact area between the current and adjacent grain, is the misorientation measure for these grains, and are the shear rate and the accumulated shear for the k -th SS, respectively, and P is the number of regions approximating the grain boundaries. The misorientation measure has the form: where and are the dislocation Burgers vectors passing from the slip systems of the current and adjacent grains, respectively, is the normal to the boundary region.…”