Description of Photodegradation Mechanisms and Structural Characteristics in Carbon@Titania Yolk–Shell Nanostructures by XAS

Abstract

Carbon@titania yolk–shell nanostructures are successfully synthesized at different calcination conditions. These unique structure nanomaterials can be used as a photocatalyst to degrade the emerging water pollutant, acetaminophen (paracetamol). The photodegradation analysis studies have shown that the samples with residual carbon nanospheres have improved the photocatalytic efficiency. The local electronic and atomic structure of the nanostructures are analyzed by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements. The spectra confirm that the hollow shell has an anatase phase structure, slight lattice distortion, and variation in Ti 3d orbital orientation. In situ XAS measurements reveal that the existence of amorphous carbon nanospheres inside the nano spherical shell inhibit the recombination of electron–hole pairs; more mobile holes are formed in the p–d hybridized bands near the Fermi surface and enables the acceleration of the carries that significantly enhance the photodegradation of paracetamol under UV–visible irradiation. The observed charge transfer process from TiO2 hybridized orbital to the carbon nanospheres reduces the recombination rate of electrons and holes, thus increasing the photocatalytic efficiency.

Recent progress in TiO2–biochar-based photocatalysts for water contaminants treatment: strategies to improve photocatalytic performance

“…Furthermore, more reactive oxygen species can be generated by TiO 2 –biochar composites, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity. 123 Hsu et al 124 successfully deposited TiO 2 on the carbon nanospheres to construct carbon@titania yolk–shell nanostructures. The XRD results ( Fig.…”