Description of Propionispira arcuata sp. nov., isolated from a methanogenic reactor of cattle waste, reclassification of Zymophilus raffinosivorans and Zymophilus paucivorans as Propionispira raffinosivorans comb. nov. and Propionispira paucivorans comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Propionispira

Abstract

A strictly anaerobic bacterial strain, WK011T, was isolated from a methanogenic reactor treating waste from cattle farms. The cells stained Gram-negative and were curved rods with a polar or subpolar flagellum. Spore formation was not observed. The optimum temperature for growth was 35 °C and the optimum pH was 6.7. Tests for oxidase, catalase and nitrate-reduction activities were negative. Hydrogen sulfide was produced. The strain fermented carbohydrates and produced acetate and propionate as major fermentation products. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41.7 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω9c and C18 : 1 dimethylacetal. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The most closely related species to strain WK011T on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences were Propionispira arboris and Zymophilus raffinosivorans (95.6 % sequence similarity to the type strains of both species). It was shown by phylogenetic and phenotypic examination of the type strains of related species, including the second species of the genus Zymophilus , Zymophilus paucivorans , that the two genera should be combined and that the two species of the genus Zymophilus should be transferred to the genus Propionispira, as Propionispira raffinosivorans comb. nov. (type strain SH2T = ATCC 49691T = DSM 20765T) and Propionispira paucivorans comb. nov. (type strain AA1T = ATCC 49689T = DSM 20756T), with an emended description of the genus Propionispira . Based on differences in the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of strain WK011T from those of closely related species, the novel species Propionispira arcuata sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate the strain. The type strain is WK011T ( = JCM 16475T = DSM 22929T).

Descriptions of Anaerotaenia torta gen. nov., sp. nov. and Anaerocolumna cellulosilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a methanogenic reactor of cattle waste and reclassification of Clostridium aminovalericum, Clostridium jejuense and Clostridium xylanovorans as Anaerocolumna species

“…Strains FH052 T and SN021 T were isolated by the anaerobic roll-tube method (Holdeman et al, 1977) from a methanogenic reactor treating waste collected from cattle farms (housing up to 1000 cattle in total) in Betsukai-machi, Hokkaido, Japan, as described previously (Nishiyama et al, 2009;Ueki et al, 2009Ueki et al, , 2014Ueki et al, , 2015. Strain FH052 T was from digester fluid without plant residue or other solid material and strain SN021…”

Positron emission tomography to visualise in-situ microbial metabolism in natural sediments

“…The sediment prior to glucose amendment comprised a varied microbial community with 70 % identifiable species from the Acidobacteria, Gammaproeobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria classes ( Figure 5; Thorpe et al, 2012). (Shelobolina et al, 2007;Spring et al, 2003;Schlink, 1984, Liu et al, 2014Ueki et al, 2014;Fischer-Romero et al, 1996;Keis et al, 2001;Jung et al, 2010;Kwon et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2007). Three samples were taken at regular intervals up to the column, and analysis confirmed a similar microbial community over the 16 cm of sediment ( Figure 5).…”

Strictly anaerobic beer-spoilage bacteria

“…The genus Zymophilus with two brewery-associated species, that is, Zymophilus paucivorans ('user of a few substrates') and Zymophilus raffinosivorans ('raffinose devouring') (Schleifer et al, 1990) was recently combined with the genus Propionispira as they were shown to have a common ancestor (Ueki et al, 2014). In addition to Propionispira paucivorans and Propionispira raffinosivorans, this genus includes Propionispira arboris (Schink, Thompson, & Zeikus, 1982) from wetwoods of living trees (Schink et al, 1982) and Propionispira arcuata (Ueki et al, 2014) from methanogenic cattle waste.…”

“…S. lacticifex utilizes a wide range of carbon sources, including arabinose, cellobiose, glucose, lactic acid and maltose (Schleifer et al, 1990). P. raffinosivorans uses a greater variety of carbon substrates compared to P. paucivorans (Schleifer et al, 1990;Ueki et al, 2014). P. raffinosivorans uses a greater variety of carbon substrates compared to P. paucivorans (Schleifer et al, 1990;Ueki et al, 2014).…”

“…and Propionispira (Ueki, Watanabe, Ohtaki, Kaku, & Ueki, 2014). The analysis of brewery samples with culture-independent techniques has suggested that there are still new anaerobic spoilage bacteria to be discovered in the beer production chain (Nakakita, Takahashi, Sugiyama, Shigyo, & Shinotsuka, 1998;Timke, Wang-Lieu, Altendorf, & Lipski, 2005).…”