Description of Some Fossil Remains of
            <i>Dinotherium, Giraffe</i>
            , and other Mammalia, from the Gulf of Cambay, Western Coast of India, Chiefly from the Collection Presented by Captain Fulljames, of the Bombay Engineers, to the Museum of the Geological Society

Falconer, Hugh

doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1845.001.01.80

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…comm., 2013, Curator of fossil mammals, Natural History Museum), and we subsequently could not measure them. Nevertheless, Falconer (1845) reported OR39748 to be 2.1 inch (53.3 mm) in height and width at the caudal extremity, which is only 0.2 mm greater and 0.1 mm less than our respective measurements of OR39747 ( Table 2 ). Based on ontogenetic allometry for caudal vertebral body height, OR39748 came from an animal weighing 394 kg or 277 kg, depending on whether it was a C3 or C4 vertebra respectively ( Table 7 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…2 ), a cervical which had been extensively described by Falconer & Cautley (1843) . A caudal fragment of a ‘fourth’ cervical (OR39748; Lydekker, 1885 ), also described as a second cervical by Falconer (1845) , as well as a caudal part of a ‘third’ cervical (OR39746; Lydekker, 1885 ) were missing from the Siwalik collection at the Natural History Museum. Dimensions were measured with a vernier calliper and included: vertebral body length, cranial vertebral body height, cranial vertebral body width, caudal vertebral body height, caudal vertebral body width and spinous process length ( Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On reconstructingGiraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India

Sittert

Mitchell

2015

PeerJ

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Giraffa sivalensis occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene period and probably represents the terminal species of the genus in Southern Asia. The holotype is an almost perfectly preserved cervical vertebra of disputed anatomical location. Although there is also uncertainty regarding this animal’s size, other specimens that have been assigned to this species include fragments of two humeri, a radius, metacarpi and teeth. Here we estimate neck length, leg length and body mass using interspecific and, unusually, ontogenetic allometry of extant giraffe skeletal parameters. The appropriateness of each equation to estimate body mass was evaluated by calculating the prediction error incurred in both extant giraffes (G. camelopardalis) and okapis (Okapia johnstoni). It followed that the equations with the lowest prediction error in both species were considered robust enough to use in G. sivalensis. The size of G. sivalensis, based on the holotype, is proposed as 400 kg (range 228 kg–575 kg), with a neck length of approximately 147 cm and a height of 390 cm. The molar lengths of tooth specimens considered agree with this size estimate. The humerus was the most appropriate long bone to establish body mass, which estimates a heavier animal of ca 790 kg. The discrepancy with the vertebral body weight estimate might indicate sexual dimorphism. Radial and metacarpal specimens estimate G. sivalensis to be as heavy as extant giraffes. This may indicate that the radius and metacarpus are unsuitable for body mass predictions in Giraffa spp. Alternatively, certain long bones may have belonged to another long legged giraffid that occurred during the same period and locality as G. sivalensis. We have concluded that if sexual dimorphism was present then males would have been about twice the size of females. If sexual dimorphism was not present and all bones were correctly attributed to this species, then G. sivalensis had a slender neck with a relatively stocky body.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On reconstructingGiraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India

Sittert

Mitchell

2015

PeerJ

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“…The data of the Chinese Schansitherium tafeli [ 38 ] and Samotherium sinense [ 39 ] from the late Miocene and early Pliocene of Shansi (China) also were collected at the same collections. Finally, we studied the late Miocene giraffids of India and Pakistan Bramatherium perimense [ 40 ] from Perim Island (Yemen) and Bramatherium megacephalum [ 41 ], from Dhok Pathan (Pakistan) as well as the early Pleistocene Sivatherium giganteum [ 42 ], from the upper Siwaliks near Kalka, Kharian, Nahun, Nàhan, Pinjaur, Siswan, and Chandigarh (India); and the Plio-pleistocene Giraffa jumae [ 43 ] from Çalta (Turkey) and Rawe (Kenya), also curated in the collections mentioned above. We collected additional anatomical data of osteological material of the extant giraffids Giraffa camelopardalis [ 6 ] and Okapia johnstoni [ 5 ] from the collections of comparative anatomy of the MNCN-CSIC (Madrid, Spain) and the AMNH (New York, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new giraffid (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) from the late Miocene of Spain, and the evolution of the sivathere-samothere lineage

2017

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Giraffids include the only living giraffomorph ruminants and are diagnosed by the presence of bi-lobed canines and a special type of epiphyseal cranial appendages called ossicones. The family Giraffidae ranges from the latest early Miocene until today. However they are currently extant relics with only two living representatives, the African genera Okapia and Giraffa. Giraffids were much more diverse and widespread in the past, with more than 30 fossil species described. For the past decades a number of studies intended to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the family, but due to the lack of really good cranial material no clear consensus was reached regarding the phylogenetic relationships amongst the different members of the group. The exceptionally complete remains of a new large giraffid from the late Miocene of Spain, Decennatherium rex sp. nov., allows us to improve and reassess giraffid systematics, offering a lot of new data, both anatomic and phylogenetic, on the large late Miocene giraffids of Eurasia. The results of our cladistic analysis show Decennatherium as a basal offshoot of a clade containing the gigantic samotheres and sivatheres, characterized by the presence of a Sivatherium-like ossicone-plan among other features. Decennatherium thus offers the most ancient evidence of this Sivatherium-plan and firmly establishes the early morphological patterns of evolution of a sivathere / samothere-clade that is defined as the less inclusive clade that contains Decennatherium and Sivatherium. Finally, this large group of four-ossiconed giraffids evolutionarily links Miocene Europe and Africa indicating vicariance / migration processes among the giraffid genetic pools separated by the Mediterranean Sea.

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“…Lydekker, 1885a), also described as a second cervical by Falconer (1845), as well as a caudal part of a 'third' cervical (OR39746; Lydekker, 1885a) were missing from the Siwalik collection at the Natural History Museum. Dimensions were measured with a vernier calliper and included: vertebral body length, cranial vertebral body height, cranial vertebral body width, caudal vertebral body height, caudal vertebral body width and spinous process length ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Studied Materials and Dimensions Measuredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India (v0.1)"

2015

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Giraffa sivalensis occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene period and probably represents the terminal species of the genus in Southern Asia. The holotype is an almost perfectly preserved cervical vertebra of disputed anatomical location. Although there is also uncertainty regarding this animal's size, other specimens that have been assigned to this species include fragments of two humeri, a radius, metacarpi and teeth. Here we estimate neck length, leg length and body mass using interspecific and, unusually, ontogenetic allometry of extant giraffe skeletal parameters. The appropriateness of each equation to estimate body mass was evaluated by calculating the prediction error incurred in both extant giraffes (G. camelopardalis) and okapis (Okapia johnstoni). It followed that the equations with the lowest prediction error in both species were considered robust enough to use in G. sivalensis. The size of G. sivalensis, based on the holotype, is proposed as 400 kg (range 228 kg-575 kg), with a neck length of approximately 147 cm and a height of 390 cm. The molar lengths of tooth specimens considered agree with this size estimate. The humerus was the most appropriate long bone to establish body mass, which estimates a heavier animal of ca 790 kg. The discrepancy with the vertebral body weight estimate might indicate sexual dimorphism. Radial and metacarpal specimens estimate G. sivalensis to be as heavy as extant giraffes. This may indicate that the radius and metacarpus are unsuitable for body mass predictions in Giraffa spp. Alternatively, certain long bones may have belonged to another long legged giraffid that occurred during the same period and locality as G. sivalensis. We have concluded that if sexual dimorphism was present then males would have been about twice the size of females. If sexual dimorphism was not present and all bones were correctly attributed to this species, then G. sivalensis had a slender neck with a relatively stocky body.

show abstract

Description of Some Fossil Remains of Dinotherium, Giraffe , and other Mammalia, from the Gulf of Cambay, Western Coast of India, Chiefly from the Collection Presented by Captain Fulljames, of the Bombay Engineers, to the Museum of the Geological Society

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

On reconstructingGiraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India

On reconstructingGiraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India

A new giraffid (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) from the late Miocene of Spain, and the evolution of the sivathere-samothere lineage

Peer Review #2 of "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India (v0.1)"

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