Description of the male Hymenoepimecis japi Sobczak et al. 2009 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) parasitoid of Leucauge roseosignata Mello-Leitão 1943 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)

Abstract

The male of Hymenoepimecis japi (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) is described and illustrated. The specimen was collected in a modified web (cocoon web) of Leucauge roseosignata (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) made in a laboratory. Both, host and parasitoid were collected in Reserva Biológica Serra do Japi, located in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil.

Description of the male of Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)

“…Most of taxonomic descriptions of polysphinctine wasps were based on female individuals, principally due to the presence of the ovipositor (see Gauld, 1991;Gauld et al, 1998Gauld et al, , 2002. Meantime, some interactions of these hymenopteran with spiders were documented only with emerged males (e. g. Sobczak et al, 2011Sobczak et al, , 2017Sobczak, 2012), hindering the association between males and females within the group. Sobczak et al (2017) emphasized the importance of detailed descriptions of male genitalia to support future reviews and phylogenetic studies.…”

An alternative host of Hymenoepimecis japi (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) on a novel family (Araneae, Araneidae), with notes on behavioral manipulations

“…Our study species, Hymenoepimecis japi Loffredo & Penteado-Dias, 2009 (male described by Sobczak 2012), is known to parasitize the orb-weaver spider Leucauge roseosignata Mello-Leitão, 1943 (Tetragnathidae) ). Through this parasitism, the spiders experience behavioral manipulation that results in the host constructing a cocoon web with a simple structure composed of a few strong radial lines and the absence of the sticky spirals that are characteristic of orb-weavers.…”

Stability of Ghost Dark Energy in CBD Model of Gravity

“…The cosmological and astrophysical observations such as type Ia supernovae data [1], Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropic Probe (WMAP) [2], X-ray [3], large scale structure [4] and ete, indicate that our universe is in accelerating expansion phase. People have introduced an energy component of the universe, called dark energy to describe this acceleration.…”

“…The authors of [19] have clarified the decoupling of the QCD vector ghost to the vacuum energy density in the Rindler spacetime. They have fund that it gives the vacuum energy density proportional to Hubble parameter, HΛ 3 QCD of the right magnitude ∼ (10 −3 ev) 4 , where H is the Hubble parameter and Λ QCD is QCD mass scale. The authors of [19] have climbed that in the ghost model of dark energy, one needs not to introduce any new degree of freedom or modify gravity and it is totally embedded in standard model of gravity.…”