Desiccation, Moisture Content and Germination of <i>Zostera marina</i> L. Seed

Pan, Junfeng; Han, Houwei; Jiang, Xin; Zhang, Wenfeng; Zhao, Nan; Song, Shaofeng; Li, Xia; Li, Xiaojie

doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2011.00857.x

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, seagrass may have been transported on ships via ballast (in rocks or sand), as mattress material or in anchor wells. Shipping time from SE Australia to Chile (average 50 days, Bader, ) corresponds much better than ocean currents with known viability of fragments in the water column; however, seeds and fragments desiccate quickly out of water (Pan et al, ), dramatically decreasing the likely number of viable propagules arriving in Chile. If the minimum probability of introduction is 1 in every 187 ships, then in the last 35 years where 46,340 ships have departed Port Phillip Bay for international ports, we would have expected to see approximately 248 further introductions worldwide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare long‐distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean

Smith

York

Broitman

et al. 2018

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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Aim Long‐distance dispersal (LDD) events occur rarely but play a fundamental role in shaping species biogeography. Lying at the heart of island biogeography theory, LDD relies on unusual events to facilitate colonization of new habitats and range expansion. Despite the importance of LDD, it is inherently difficult to quantify due to the rarity of such events. We estimate the probability of LDD of the seagrass Heterozostera nigricaulis, a common Australian species, across the Pacific Ocean to colonize South America. Location Coastal Chile, Australia and the Pacific Ocean. Methods Genetic analyses of H. nigricaulis collected from Chile and Australia were used to assess the relationship between the populations and levels of clonality. Ocean surface current models were used to predict the probability of propagules dispersing from south‐east Australia to central Chile and shipping data used to determine the likelihood of anthropogenic dispersal. Results Our study infers that the seagrass H. nigricaulis dispersed from Australia across the entire width of the Pacific (c. 14,000 km) to colonize South America on two occasions. Genetic analyses reveal that these events led to two large isolated clones, one of which covers a combined area of 3.47 km2. Oceanographic models estimate the arrival probability of a dispersal propagule within 3 years to be at most 0.00264%. Early shipping provides a potential alternative dispersal vector, yet few ships sailed from SE Australia to Chile prior to the first recording of H. nigricaulis and the lack of more recent and ongoing introductions demonstrate the rarity of such dispersal. Main conclusions These findings demonstrate LDD does occur over extreme distances despite very low probabilities. The large number of propagules (100s of millions) produced over 100s of years suggests that the arrival of propagules in Chile was inevitable and confirms the importance of LDD for species distributions and community ecology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare long‐distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean

Smith

York

Broitman

et al. 2018

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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“…Manual collection may result in fewer vegetative shoots than mechanical collection (Marion & Orth ), which may explain the significant difference in seed yield. The shore‐based method requires transporting the harvested reproductive shoots from the collecting site to the culturing site, which may result in desiccation (Pan et al ) and overheating of the harvested reproductive shoots and increased embryo mortality, thus further increasing cost. In contrast, the suspended in situ method avoided all of these shortcomings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shore-based method requires Data are not transformed, and the assumption of homogeneity of variance meets Levene's test (p = 0.301). transporting the harvested reproductive shoots from the collecting site to the culturing site, which may result in desiccation (Pan et al 2012) and overheating of the harvested reproductive shoots and increased embryo mortality, thus further increasing cost. In contrast, the suspended in situ method avoided all of these shortcomings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After storage experiment, the seeds germination rate were tested. For each treatment, 300 seeds were randomly picked and allocated into three replicates and germination rate was tested using an actual germination method: seeds were germinated in the illumination chamber with temperature of 14°C, salinity 5, and illumination intensity 50 µmol m −2 s −1 , photoperiod 12 hours dark and 12 hours light (Pan et al ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Effective Method for Collecting and Storing Seeds from Zostera marina (Eelgrass) in the Yellow Sea, China

Pan

Jiang²,

Li³

et al. 2014

Restoration Ecology

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The coast of the Yellow Sea in China, like many other temperate coastal zones, has been experiencing a dramatic decline in the abundance of seagrass. Intensive efforts have been made to restore seagrass communities along the coast to restore the function of the coastal ecosystem. Transplanting adult Zostera marina shoots is labor-intensive, time-consuming, expensive, and detrimental to donor beds; thus, restoring seagrass communities through the use of seeds is highly valued in current, large-scale restoration trials. In this study, an effective method for collecting, processing, and storing Z. marina seeds was developed. From 2009 to 2013, respectively, 122,000, 421,000, 364,000, 1,041,000, and 1,091,000 seeds were successfully collected. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the interaction between salinity and temperature significantly affected the cumulative germination rate (CGR) (p < 0.01) during the storage period and the viability (p < 0.01) of seeds after storage. The germination rate after storage was significantly affected by salinity and temperature (p < 0.01). The highest viability (89.8 ± 1.0%) and germination rate (75.6 ± 4.5%) were found among seeds stored at 4 ∘ C and a salinity of 44.5 psu for 7 months. The cost for planting 1 ha of sea bottom with Z. marina seeds ranged from $2,613 to $80,900 depending on the seeding density and seed loss during storage. The average cost per Z. marina seed in this study was $0.00586.

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“…However, the majority of seagrass seeds are suggested to be desiccation sensitive, although little is known about the seed ecology of these species. Pan et al (2012) suggested that Zostera marina seeds are very strongly desiccation sensitive which lose vigor completely after desiccating for 24 h. Cho and Sanders (2009) reported that desiccation greatly reduced the viability of R. maritima seeds; the seed viability (35.7%) in dry conditions under ambient temperature (15–25°C) for 10 months was significantly lower than those (>90%) of freshly matured seeds with soft or fully formed seed coats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance of Ruppia sinensis Seeds to Desiccation, Low Temperature, and High Salinity With Special Reference to Long-Term Seed Storage

Zhou

Song

et al. 2018

Front. Plant Sci.

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Seeds are important materials for the restoration of globally-threatened marine angiosperm (seagrass) populations. In this study, we investigated the differences between different Ruppia sinensis seed types and developed two feasible long-term R. sinensis seed storage methods. The ability of R. sinensis seeds to tolerate the short-term desiccation and extreme cold had been investigated. The tolerance of R. sinensis seeds to long-term exposure of high salinity, cold temperature, and desiccation had been considered as potential methods for long-term seed storage. Also, three morphological and nine physiological indices were measured and compared between two types of seeds: Shape L and Shape S. We found that: (1) wet storage at a salinity of 30–40 psu and 0°C were the optimal long-term storage conditions, and the proportion of viable seeds reached over 90% after a storage period of 11 months since the seeds were collected from the reproductive shoots; (2) dry condition was not the optimal choice for long-term storage of R. sinensis seeds; however, storing seeds in a dry condition at 5°C and 33 ± 10% relative humidity for 9 months had a relatively high percentage (74.44 ± 2.22%) of viable seeds, consequently desiccation exposure could also be an acceptable seed storage method; (3) R. sinensis seeds would lose vigor in the interaction of extreme cold (-27°C) and desiccation; (4) there were significant differences in seed weight, seed curvature, and endocarp thickness between the two types of seeds. These findings provided fundamental physiological information for R. sinensis seeds and supported the long-term storage of its seeds. Our results may also serve as useful reference for seed storage of other threatened seagrass species and facilitate their ex situ conservation and habitat restoration.

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Desiccation, Moisture Content and Germination of Zostera marina L. Seed

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Rare long‐distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean

Rare long‐distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean

An Effective Method for Collecting and Storing Seeds from Zostera marina (Eelgrass) in the Yellow Sea, China

Tolerance of Ruppia sinensis Seeds to Desiccation, Low Temperature, and High Salinity With Special Reference to Long-Term Seed Storage

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