Desiccation survival of the infective larvae of the insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica Poinar

Surrey, Michael; Wharton, David A.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(94)00190-y

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…H. indica is a cruiser and can avoid low moisture level and desiccation by moving deep into the soil ( Grewal et al, 2002 ). In general, low desiccation tolerance has been observed in Heterorhabditis species ( Shapiro-Ilan et al, 2014 ; Surrey and Wharton, 1995 ). For formulation and long-term storage of native isolates of H. indica , attempts can be made to enhance their survival by pre-exposure to osmotic stress ( Charwat et al, 2002 ) and warm storage at 35°C ( Jagdale and Grewal, 2007 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Kour

Khurma

Brodie

2021

Journal of Nematology

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are obligate parasites of soil inhibiting insects. EPNs are being widely researched as promising biocontrol agents for a wide range of agricultural pests. It is known that strains of EPNs isolated from different geographical regions differ in their attributes, such as host-finding ability, host range, infectivity, reproduction, and environmental stress tolerance. A precise knowledge of these factors is therefore an essential pre-requisite for devising successful strategies to use these nematodes in biological control programmes. Thus, ecological characterisation of the EPN Heterorhabditis indica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) newly isolated and representing the only species of EPN reported from the island of Viti Levu, Fiji was carried out using Galleria mellonella larvae (L) (Pyralidae: Galleriinae) as hosts to allow comparisons between bioassays conducted in different laboratories around the world. Temperature data showed that native isolates of H. indica are warm-adapted nematodes with thermal range for infectivity between 15˚C and 35˚C and can reproduce between 20˚C and 30˚C. They are highly virulent with LC50 values against G. mellonella ranging from 2.8 IJ to 3.8 IJ/larva. However, they showed poor desiccation tolerance and fail to infect hosts in soil with moisture levels below 8%. They showed a moderate level of hypoxic tolerance and can be stored at 15˚C for 4 months. Results also showed great variability within the selected native isolates of H. indica. Beneficial traits for selected isolates were added up to identify a superior candidate. The current study also suggested that the thermal niche breadth for infection can differ among conspecific strains of an EPN species. The results of this experimental study on ecological aspects of these native isolates of H. indica should form a basis for their potential use in biological control of insect pests in Fiji.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Kour

Khurma

Brodie

2021

Journal of Nematology

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“…The enhanced performance can possibly be attributed to higher moisture retention in sandy loam soil than in coarser sandy soil, making the former a more suitable medium for the mobility and infection of nematodes (Molyneux & Bedding, 1984; Kaya, 1990). Moisture is a key factor in nematode survival (Wright et al , 2005), with heterorhabditids being known to be more susceptible to desiccation than are steinernematids (Surrey & Wharton, 1995). Although there was no significant difference between the mortality rates of the larvae in the different soil types, a markedly higher percentage mortality rate was detected for the larvae in the sandy loam soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the banded fruit weevil,Phlyctinus callosus(Schönherr) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Ferreira

Malan

2013

J. Helminthol.

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were evaluated for their potential use as biological control agents against Phlyctinus callosus, the banded fruit weevil (BFW). The susceptibility of larvae and adults to EPN was evaluated using 400 infective juveniles (IJ) per insect after 4 days in 24-well bioassay trays. The nematode isolates used were all able to infect BFW, although the larvae were found to be more susceptible than were the adults. The percentage mortality for BFW larvae ranged from 41 to 73% and for BFW adults from 13 to 45%. The most effective isolate, SF41 of Heterorhabditis zealandica, was used to investigate the effect of vertical movement of nematodes in sand and sandy loam soil, at specified concentration and temperature. A higher (82.2 ± 0.084%) percentage mortality rate was obtained with the sandy loam soil, than with the use of sand (67.5 ± 0.12%). The LD50 and LD90 values after 4 days of incubation were 96 and 278 IJ/50 μl, respectively. Nematodes were inactive below 15 °C, with the highest mortality of 74 ± 0.081% for BFW larvae recorded at 25 °C. Heterorhabditis zealandica was able to complete its life cycle successfully in sixth-instar BFW larvae after a period of 22 days. The study showed BFW larvae not to be as susceptible to nematode infection as they need a high concentration (400 IJ/larva) and 4 days to give effective control.

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“…Fewer studies have been devoted to determining the desiccation tolerance of Heterorhabditids. Surrey and Wharton (1995) tested the desiccation survival of H. zealandica and found poor viability once water had been lost from the substrate. Liu and Glazer (2000) determined the desiccation tolerance of Israeli Heterorhabditid populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of populations of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated at diverse sites across Israel

Salame

Glazer

Miqaia³

et al. 2009

Phytoparasitica

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are known as effective biological agents against soildwelling stages of insect pests. In the present study new EPN populations from the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families were isolated at different locations in Israel. The newly isolated populations were subjected to a series of bioassays for beneficial traits, for selection of a superior isolate for biological control of insect pests. Nematode motility was measured in sand columns, with and without the susceptible insect Galleria mellonella. Infectivity was evaluated using an invasion rate assay, as well as a dose response assay in which LD 50 values were calculated. Nematode tolerance to environmental stresses was examined in heat and desiccation tolerance assays. The reproductive potentials of the new isolates were assessed in cadavers of G. mellonella. All Steinernematid populations were identified as Steinernema feltiae and the Heterorhabditids as Heterorhabditis sp. Large variation between the various populations was recorded in all assays. In order to identify a superior isolate, each strain was scored as 1 if its performance did not differ significantly from the highest level recorded in the particular assay; −1 if its performance did not differ significantly from the lowest level; and 0 if its performance was between the highest and lowest levels or did not differ from either. The scores for the different traits were then summed for each population and the totals were compared. The best score (+4) was obtained for a S. feltiae population isolated in northern Israel. These results will be used for the utilization of the new population as a biological control agent.

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Desiccation survival of the infective larvae of the insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica Poinar

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Ecological Characterisation of Native Isolates of Heterorhabditis indica from Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the banded fruit weevil,Phlyctinus callosus(Schönherr) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Characterization of populations of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated at diverse sites across Israel

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