Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty-First Century

Cimino, James J.

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1634558

Cited by 403 publications

(370 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The use of free text was not feasible because of length restrictions for the automated form fields, the high likelihood of spelling errors on forms or scanning errors due to multiple handwriting sources and multiple languages. Given the need for a alphanumeric code for each medication, the ideal standard should adhere to best-practice criteria [20] regarding the management of numerical codes. The codes should be non-sensical, unique, non-ambiguous, permanent, and should never be recycled to encode other concepts.…”

Section: Types Of Data Collected and Operating Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is not international in mission, the NLM does strive to address international needs in all of its activities, and as a rule ensures free and global access to its products. The library guarantees "best" terminology practices [20], and the numerical codes in RxNorm will never be changed or reassigned. These code numbers are easily accessible through the NLM-developed UMLS and the RxNav [38] interfaces.…”

Section: Standard Rationale and Implementation -Rxnorm For Medicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trans-Atlantic data harmonization in the classification of medicines and dietary supplements: A challenge for epidemiologic study and clinical research

Moyers

Richesson

Krischer

2008

International Journal of Medical Informatics

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Objectives-As international scientific collaboration increases, there is a growing requirement for research data to be comparable among countries. Despite the importance of medication and dietary supplement data in research, there are no international standards for the collection and storage of these data. In the absence of such standards, we needed to adopt a strategy for classification and coding of medications and dietary supplements to meet demands of our multi-national study.Methods-Given the inter-country variations in nomenclature that characterize prescription, overthe-counter (OTC) medications, traditional herbal medicines, and dietary supplements, we adopted RxNorm as a data standard for medication data, and developed an independent system that extends this standard and allows for flexible and scalable data collection for dietary supplements.Results-RxNorm was implemented in May 2005 and as of July 2006, coverage has been 99%, at the level of active ingredients, of all the medications reported in our study. Development of a dietary supplement database began in August 2005, and has thus far coded some 1200 dietary supplements and 650 infant formula products and forms from the four countries in our study. Conclusion-The methods we have used to collect, store, and manage medication and dietary supplement data serve as interim solutions until international standards are developed. It is hoped that such standards will ultimately emerge, and that our strategy and data model will be of value in other research environments in the immediate future. Keywords medications; dietary supplements; data standardization; data management; epidemiological methods; clinical research Brief AccountWhat was known before the study?• Epidemiologic and other human research studies collect data on the use of pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements.• There is no standard international or global coding or classification scheme for these data.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptInt J Med Inform. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 January 1. Published in final edited form as:Int J Med Inform. 2008 January ; 77(1): 58-67. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript• There is no standard practice for collecting and storing these data, nor is there a standard data model to guide local efforts.What this study has added to the body of knowledge?• This work reviews current data standards and "best" practices (both in the USA and the EU) for the collection and storage of data related to the use of pharm...

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Section: Types Of Data Collected and Operating Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Standard Rationale and Implementation -Rxnorm For Medicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trans-Atlantic data harmonization in the classification of medicines and dietary supplements: A challenge for epidemiologic study and clinical research

Moyers

Richesson

Krischer

2008

International Journal of Medical Informatics

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“…From this base a number of key papers have been developed, many within the framework of the biannual IMIA Working Group 6 meetings, including Cimino's well known paper on Desiderata for clinical systems [25] and Campbell's work on representing SNOMED in Conceptual Graphs and later in description logic [19][20][21] which eventually gave rise to SNOMED-RT [119]. In the meantime the Read Codes in the UK was undergoing metamorphosis into the Clinical Terms version 3 (CTv3) which provided explicit decompositions but without formal foundations.…”

Section: Terminology and The 'Terminology Wars'mentioning

confidence: 99%

AIM: a personal view of where I have been and where we might be going

Rector

2001

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

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My own career in Medical Informatics and AI in Medicine has oscillated between concerns with medical records and concerns with knowledge representation with decision support as a pivotal integrating issue. It has focused on using AI to organise information and reduce 'muddle' and improve the user interfaces to produce 'useful and usable systems' to help doctors with a 'humanly impossible task'. Increasingly knowledge representation and ontologies have become the fulcrum for orchestrating re-use of information and integration of systems. Encouragingly, the dilemma between computational tractability and expressiveness is lessening, and ontologies and description logics are joining the mainstream both in AI in Medicine and in Intelligent Information Management generally. It has been shown possible to scale up ontologies to meet medical needs, and increasingly ontologies are playing a key role in meeting the requirements to scale up the complexity of clinical systems to meet the ever increasing demands brought about by new emphasis on reduction of errors, clinical accountability, and the explosion of knowledge on the Web.

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“…In the sequel we restrict to the medical domain, which is sufficiently rich to present all types of terminology systems. The following authors [5,6] [7,8] [9] give a summary of different medical terminology systems and discuss the features of these systems with regard to requirements for concept taxonomies. For our objective to construct an ontologically founded context-sensitive data dictionary -in the first step it was necessary to analyze medical terminology systems with regard to reusability for the construction of a context-sensitive data dictionary model.…”

Section: Terminology Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Theory of Top-Level Ontological Mappings and Its Application to Clinical Trial Protocols

Heller

Herre

Lippoldt

2004

Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web

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Abstract. In the present paper we expound a methodology for the development of terminology systems and the construction of semantically founded knowledge systems. This method is based on ontological mappings using reference top-level ontologies, and is inspired by rigorous logico-philosophical principles. We outline a framework consisting of a system of formal tools designed to support the development of data dictionaries, taxonomies and knowledge systems. The core-module of this system named Onto-Builder is an internet-based software application for building context-sensitive data dictionaries. To ensure the broad acceptance of context-dependent descriptions within a diverse group of domain experts, a multistage quality assurance cycle has been established. Ontological mappings based on top-level ontologies are the foundation of a further module of the system, which assists the construction of knowledge systems out of terminology systems. The framework is intended to be applied to the medical domain, in particular to the field of clinical trials.

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Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty-First Century

Cited by 403 publications

References 43 publications

Trans-Atlantic data harmonization in the classification of medicines and dietary supplements: A challenge for epidemiologic study and clinical research

Trans-Atlantic data harmonization in the classification of medicines and dietary supplements: A challenge for epidemiologic study and clinical research

AIM: a personal view of where I have been and where we might be going

The Theory of Top-Level Ontological Mappings and Its Application to Clinical Trial Protocols

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