“…This phase features the advent and evolution of artificial intelligence, data science, big data, and virtual reality, etc., along with booming social networks (Huynh, Nguyen, Nguyen, & Nguyen, 2018;Muruganantham et al, 2019). The boom in broadband network technology and mobile devices has brought tremendous advantages to internet-based learning (Asih et al, 2019;Ayshwarya, Yansyah, et al, 2019). Cloud computing has helped educational institutions save considerable funds that would have been spent on equipment and learning management systems (Supriyono et al, 2019).…”