“…Design efforts are primarily focused on increasing the instruments’ maneuvering potential by expanding the incorporated degrees of freedom (DOF) and by allowing for instrument triangulation [ 28 , 29 ], thereby providing the ability for bimanual task performance. Other developments include human-in-the-loop computer control schemes [ 28 , 30 , 31 ], varying actuation methods [ 27 , 32 – 34 ], alternate fabrication methods [ 35 , 36 ], integrating various functions (e.g., ultrasound) [ 32 , 37 ], and improving system properties such as stiffness [ 38 ], workspace [ 33 ], and force-transmission capabilities [ 33 ].…”