Design and Analysis of a Fuel Cell and Batteries in Energy Production for Electric Vehicle

Abstract

The world's most economically developed countries are facing an energy crisis caused by geopolitical instability, rising energy costs, global stock disruptions, and a shift towards lowcarbon energy sources that has yet to be fully realized. Electrification of the transportation industry offers the advantages of increased energy efficiency and reduced local pollutants. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are environmentally friendly because they reduce fossil fuels usage even zero consumption, need fewer maintenance requirements, and lower operating costs than the vehicles powered by gasoline or diesel. However, this study focuses on comparing various energy management strategies (EMS) for a backup energy supply system for EVs. The hybrid power system (HPS) considered in this study includes DC-DC and DC-AC synchronous converters, as well as supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. The EMS analyzed includes state machine control, classical proportional-integral control, equivalent consumption minimization, frequency decoupling, rule-based fuzzy logic, and fuzzy logic control. The HPS's efficiency, hydrogen fuel, supercapacitor or battery state of charge levels, and overall performance are evaluated as primary efficiency criteria. Additionally, the HPS not only increases system energy but also reduces the number of pack batteries required. This study designs and constructs the combined power systems to enhance EV power schemes with rechargeable battery power supplies. The results show that a 6-kW fuel cell hybrid increases the power system capacity to 408 kWh. Moreover, a novel method based on wavelet transforms of the instantaneous power of each energy source is used to quantify the stressors on each energy source that impact its life cycle. To validate all analyses and performance, a simulation model and an experimental test bench are created. Finally, simulation results demonstrate a synchronous converter with a 6-kW output power and 96% efficiency, validating the optimization results.

A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications

“…[111] MCFCs operate at high temperatures [ 112 ] of around 600-800 °C and may utilize a range of fuels, such as natural gas, biogas, coal, etc. MCFCs have a high efficiency [113] of around 50-60 %, making them suitable for large-scale power generation applications. [114][115][116][117] Some of the general issues with MCFC materials are degradation and stabilization as they are highly dependent on a host of factors including temperature, physio-chemical mechanisms and electrochemical reactions being carried out inside the cell.…”

Optimizing Hydrogen Production from Methanol Reformers by Temperature Variation and Feed Ratio Using CFD

“…One of the methods of converting hydrogen into another type of energy such as electricity and heat is the use of fuel cells. A fuel cell is a type of energy converter that directly converts the chemical energy of the fuel into energy, unlike a battery that does not store energy, but converts energy from one state to another, so that the materials inside the cell are not consumed in this conversion [1,2]. Fuel cells use catalysts in their system that are very sensitive to carbon monoxide because carbon monoxide causes damage to the catalysts and disables them, so the hydrogen that is needed for consumption in the fuel cell must have the highest purity and be free of carbon monoxide.…”

Analysis of Formability in Stamping of Metallic Bipolar Plates with Parallel Flow Field for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells using Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System

“…Result is a hybrid system capable of training and predicting both numerical and linguistic data, with wide applications introduced by Sobhani et al [21] and Zhou et al [22]. Since neural network has lots of applications reported in the literature [23][24][25], and also fuzzy logic is used in wide range of applications introduced by Benbouhenni [26], Deb et al [27] and Maraki et al [28], then a wide range of application can also be imagining for the ANFIS.…”