“…Rational design (Arnold, 1993) Site-directed mutagenesis (Arnold, 1993), (Antikainen & Martin, 2005) Evolutionary methods/directed evolution (Arnold, 1993) Random mutagenesis (Antikainen & Martin, 2005), (Wong et al, 2006), (Jackson et al, 2006), (Labrou, 2010) DNA shuffling (Antikainen & Martin, 2005), (Jackson et al, 2006) Molecular dynamics (Anthonsen et al, 1994) Homology modeling (Anthonsen et al, 1994) 'MolCraft'in vitro protein evolution systems (Shiba, 2004) Computational methods (computational protein design) (Jackson et al, 2006), (Van der Sloot et al, 2009), (Golynskiy & Seelig, 2010) Receptor-based QSAR methods (Lushington et al, 2007) NMR (Anthonsen et al, 1994) X-ray crystallography (Jackson et al, 2006) Peptidomimetics (Venkatesan & Kim, 2002) Phage display technology (Antikainen & Martin, 2005), (Sidhu & Koide, 2007), (Chaput et al, 2008) Cell surface display technology (Antikainen & Martin, 2005), (Gai & Wittrup, 2007), (Chaput et al, 2008) Flow cytometry / Cell sorting (Mattanovich & Borth, 2006 ) Cell-free translation systems (Shimizu et al, 2006) Designed divergent evolution (Yoshikuni & Keasling, 2007) Stimulus-responsive peptide systems (Chockalingam et al, 2007) Mechanical engineering of elastomeric proteins (Li, 2008) Engineering extracellular matrix variants (Carson & Barker, 2009) Traceless Staudinger ligation (Tam & Raines, 2009) De novo enzyme engineering (Golynskiy & Seelig, 2010) mRNA display …”