For better exciton separation and high catalytic activity, the most trailblazing stratagem is to construct defect engineered low-dimensional p−n heterojunction framed photocatalytic systems. In this context, we have developed a rod−sheet (1D−2D) p−n heterojunction of MCeO 2 −BiFeO 3 by a simple hydrothermal method and scrutinized its photocatalytic performance toward N 2 fixation and phenol/Cr(VI) detoxification. The intimate contact between MCeO 2 and BiFeO 3 in the junction material is well established via X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectrosopy (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoelectrochemical studies. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM pictures clearly support the decoration of MCeO 2 nanorods over BiFeO 3 sheets and also depict the junction boundary. Additionally, photoluminescence (PL), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman measurements give solid evidence toward the presence of an oxygen vacancy. Moreover, the Mott−Schottky result indicates a feasible band edge potential favoring the p−n heterojunction with a built-in electric field between BiFeO 3 and MCeO 2 favoring a double charge dynamic. The MCeO 2 −BFO p−n junction displays a notable catalytic activity, i.e., 98.2% Cr(VI) reduction and 85% phenol photo-oxidation, and produces 117.77 μmol h −1 g −1 of ammonia under light irradiation. Electrochemical analysis suggests a four-electron/five proton-coupled N 2 photoreduction pathway. The designed oxygen vacancy oriented p−n heterojunction suffering double charge migration shows significant catalytic performance due to effective electron−hole separation as justified via PL, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), and Bode phase analysis.