Design and development of graded materials by pulse discharge resistance consolidation

Processing techniques for functionally graded materials

“…Additionally, variations in the particle packing density can lead to deformation of the part. To overcome some of these limits, the superposition of the internal driving forces for sintering with an external pressure by hot pressing [9][10][11] or hot isostatic pressing [12] is possible. If the temperature regions for densification are very different, application of a temperature gradient during consolidation [13], liquid-phase sintering [14], laser assisted sintering [15], and spark plasma sintering [16,17] have been proposed.…”