Design and Engineering of a Palm-Sized Optical Immunosensing Device for the Detection of a Kidney Dysfunction Biomarker

Abstract

Creatinine is one of the most common and specific biomarkers for renal diseases, usually found in the serum and urine of humans. Its level is extremely important and critical to know, not only in the case of renal diseases, but also for various other pathological conditions. Hence, detecting creatinine in clinically relevant ranges in a simplistic and personalized manner is interesting and important. In this direction, an optical sensing device has been developed for the simple, point-of-care detection of creatinine. The developed biosensor was able to detect creatinine quantitatively based on optical signals measured through a change in color. The sensor has been integrated with a smartphone to develop a palm-sized device for creatinine analysis in personalized settings. The sensor has been developed following facile chemical modification steps to anchor the creatinine-selective antibody to generate a sensing probe. The fabricated sensor has been thoroughly characterized by FTIR, AFM, and controlled optical analyses. The quantitative analysis is mediated through the reaction between picric acid and creatinine which was detected by the antibody-functionalized sensor probe. The differences in color intensity and creatinine concentrations show an excellent dose-dependent correlation in two different dynamic ranges from 5 to 20 μM and 35 to 400 μM, with a detection limit of 15.37 (±0.79) nM. Several interfering molecules, such as albumin, glucose, ascorbic acid, citric acid, glycine, uric acid, Na+, K+, and Cl−, were tested using the biosensor, in which no cross-reactivity was observed. The utility of the developed system to quantify creatinine in spiked serum samples was validated and the obtained percentage recoveries were found within the range of 89.71–97.30%. The fabricated biosensor was found to be highly reproducible and stable, and it retains its original signal for up to 28 days.

Personalized biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics: from bench to bedside applications

“…In another paper, we talked about an optical sensing device that makes it easy to find creatinine at the point of care 26 . The biosensor that was made could measure how much creatinine was in the blood by looking at how the color changed.…”

“… Schematic representation of the fabrication of the creatinine sensing device. (A) Illustration of the step-by-step fabrication of the sensor probe and the proposed colorimetric sensing device, (B) Specified dimension of the internalized segments of the device construction, optimized for image capturing and processing, (C) Graphical impression of the developed prototyped device, (D) Real time analysis and image processing through the developed system obtaining reading for creatinine detection (Reused from 26 , the work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License) …”

“…Our developed translational technology "bioelectronic device" is highlighted on YouTube link 1 which was successfully tested for ALP detection in milk and human serum samples and a patent. In another paper, we talked about an optical sensing device that makes it easy to find creatinine at the point of care [26]. The biosensor that was made could measure how much creatinine was in the blood by looking at how the color changed.…”

Design and development of opto‐electrochemical biosensing devices for diagnosing chronic kidney disease

“…Additionally, their price may be too high for regular clinical use and their implementation in a larger population. Therefore, to make it easily available, the matrix of the diagnostic device should be simple and cost effective (Divya, Dkhar, 2022; Divya, Mahapatra, et al, 2022; Liu, 2021).…”

“…With advancements in technologies, emerging miniaturized sensing systems based on different optical (e.g., colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, ionophore, etc.) and electrochemical readouts (e.g., amperometric, voltammetric, and conductometric) have been reported in recent times (Divya, Dkhar et al, 2022; Divya, Mahapatra, et al, 2022; Xu et al, 2019). They have the ability to provide real time data on disease monitoring and management through the analysis of physiological fluids such as blood, urine, and sweat (Mahato et al, 2019; Sammi et al, 2021; Verma et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2021).…”