“…Due to strict requirements that modern optical systems have for imaging quality, volume and weight, spatial arrangement and other aspects, it is difficult for traditional spherical and aspherical optical elements to meet their relevant requirements [1,2].Free-form optical element, featuring multiple degrees of freedom, can effectively optimize and improve the imaging quality, decrease the aperture and amount of optical elements, and achieve better flexibility in spatial arrangement, thus allowing the design of optical system to be much freer. Hence, there have been an increasing number of optical systems with novel structures and flexible imaging emerging, such as beam shaping systems with variable illumination [3], spatial optical imaging system [4,5], wearable optical equipment [6][7][8], projection system with an ultra-short focal length [9,10], freeform aluminum optical system [11,12].…”