Design and evaluation of an echelle grating optical system for ICP-OES

Barnard, Thomas W.; Crockett, Michael I.; Ivaldi, Juan C.; Lundberg, Peter L.

doi:10.1021/ac00057a020

Cited by 109 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These kinds of spectrometers, available commercially, have been used in many works. 57,138 In the last years, a kind of spectrograph already used in other atomic emission spectroscopic techniques since the 1990s, 139,140 called echelle spectrograph, which comprises a special kind of grating in a specific design, is being increasingly used in LIBS. It is also compact and, associated with appropriate detectors, constitutes a spectrometer covering a wide range of wavelengths (commonly from 200 up to 1000 nm) with a high resolving power (λ/Δλ up to above 10000).…”

Section: Wavelength Selectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

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Esta revisão descreve os aspectos fundamentais, a instrumentação, as aplicações e tendências futuras de uma técnica analítica que se encontra em seu estágio de consolidação e que está em vias de estabelecer o seu nicho entre as técnicas espectrofotométricas modernas. A técnica é denominada Espectroscopia de Emissão em Plasma Induzido por Laser (em inglês, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS) e sua principal característica está no uso de pulsos de laser como fonte de energia para vaporizar a amostra e excitar a emissão de radiação eletromagnética, a partir de seus elementos e/ou fragmentos moleculares. A radiação emitida é analisada por meio de instrumentos ópticos de alta resolução e as suas intensidades são medidas, usualmente com detectores rápidos de estado sólido. Em conjunto, esses dispositivos permitem a geração e a medida de um espectro de emissão de faixa ampla do fenômeno induzido pelo pulso de laser. O espectro registrado contém informação qualitativa e quantitativa que pode ser correlacionada com a identidade da amostra ou empregada na determinação da quantidade de seus constituintes. Essa revisão é dividida em quatro partes. A primeira aborda aspectos históricos da técnica e os conceitos teóricos relevantes associados com LIBS; então, os aspectos práticos de diversas abordagens experimentais e instrumentais empregadas na implementação da técnica são revistos de forma crítica; as aplicações encontradas na literatura, incluindo aquelas que empregam quimiometria, são classificadas e exemplificadas por meio de trabalhos relevantes recentemente publicados. Finalmente, uma tentativa de estabelecer uma avaliação global e as perspectivas futuras para a técnica é apresentada.This review describes the fundamentals, instrumentation, applications and future trends of an analytical technique that is in its early stages of consolidation and is establishing its definitive niches among modern spectrometric techniques. The technique has been named Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and its main characteristic stands in the use of short laser pulses as the energy source to vaporize samples and excite the emission of electromagnetic radiation from its elements and/or molecular fragments. The emitted radiation is analyzed by high resolution optics and the intensities are recorded, usually by fast triggered solid state detectors. Together, these devices allow producing and registering a wide ranging emission spectrum of the short-lived phenomenon induced by the laser pulse. The spectrum contains qualitative and quantitative information which can be correlated with sample identity or can be used to determine the amount of its constituents. This review is divided in four parts. First, the relevant historical and theoretical concepts associated with LIBS are presented; then the main practical aspects of the several experimental and instrumental approaches employed for implementation of the technique are critically described; the applications related in the literature, including those making use of chemometri...

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Section: Wavelength Selectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…a Units of ml min-metric efficiency of the system remained constant throughout the experiments. For all exper iments, the normal spectral resolution mode of the spectrometer with the 62 µm slit [9] was used.…”

Section: Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the existing literature, detection limit differences between radial and axial viewing have not been accounted for with a view towards rationalization of the differences using the same experimental protocol. In this work, experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of an axially viewed ICP coupled with an echelle spectrometer with matched segmented array solid-state detectors [9,10]. The focus of this work was on the evaluation of the performance of the axially viewed ICP using diagnostic methods such as the signal-to background-ratio relative-standard-deviation-of-the-background (SBR-RSDB) approach for the calculation of detection limits [ 18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of an axially viewed horizontal inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry

Ivaldi

Tyson²

1995

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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A performance evaluation of a horizontal axially viewed inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for optical emission spectrometry is presented. The main contribution of this work is the elucidation of the sources of analytical performance differences using practical diagnostics in the comparison of axial and conven tional radial viewing of the ICP. Figures of merit such as detection limit, background equivalent concen tration, precision, and dynamic range are compared for both viewing arrangements. The detection limit improvements, with axial viewing, known from previous work in the literature, are shown to be understood in the context of the signal-to-background-ratio relative-standard-deviation-of-the-background (SBR RSDB) theory. The usefulness of the SBR-RSDB approach as a diagnostic tool for understanding the detection limit improvement and identifying performance differences is demonstrated. This approach can be further utilized for quality control and quality assurance of instrument performance and detection limit results. Other characteristic differences between axial and radial viewing are presented including matrix effects on line signals and the magnitudes of spectral interferences from OH bands. An overall improve ment factor of five in detection power was observed when using axial viewing compared with radial view ing.

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“…Obviously, such a detector would be expensive, but similar detectors are in use already in echelle spectrometers for ICP OES. [29][30][31] However, the only functional multi-element CS AAS instrument built up until now is that described by Harnly et al 14 back in 1979.…”

Section: The Continuum Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometry: what can we expect?

Welz¹,

Becker‐Ross²,

Florek³

et al. 2003

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Um novo conceito instrumental vem sendo desenvolvido para espectrometria de absorção atômica (AAS), usando como fonte de radiação uma lâmpada de xenônio de alta intensidade, um monocromador double-echelle e um dispositivo com arranjo de carga acoplada como detector, permitindo uma resolução de ~2 pm por pixel. Entre as principais vantagens do sistema estão: i) uma melhora na razão sinal/ruído devido à elevada intensidade da fonte de radiação, resultando em melhor precisão e limites de detecção; ii) pelo mesmo motivo, não há mais linhas "fracas", portanto raias secundárias podem ser usadas sem comprometimentos; iii) novos elementos podem ser determinados, para os quais fontes de radiação ainda não são disponíveis; iv) toda a região espectral nas vizinhanças da raia analítica torna-se "visível", possibilitando muito mais informações do que as obtidas por instrumentos convencionais de AAS; v) a detecção com arranjo de carga acoplada permiti uma correção simultânea real da radiação de fundo nas proximidades da raia analítica; vi) o software possibilita a armazenagem de espectros de referência, por exemplo, de espectro de absorção molecular com estruturas rotacionais finas, e a subseqüente subtração deste do espectro de uma amostra , usando-se o algoritmo dos mínimos quadrados, sendo assim possível a correção de fundo estruturado mesmo sob a raia analítica; vii) embora ainda não disponível, se um detector bidimensional apropriado for usado o sistema permitirá em AAS medidas simultâneas multielementares, prática comum em espectrometria de emissão ótica; (viii) finalmente, experimentos preliminares vêm indicando que o novo instrumental poderá resultar em um melhor desempenho analítico na determinação de elementos traço em matrizes complexas.A new instrumental concept has been developed for atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), using a high-intensity xenon short-arc lamp as continuum radiation source, a high-resolution doubleechelle monochromator and a CCD array detector, providing a resolution of ~2 pm per pixel. Among the major advantages of the system are: i) an improved signal-to-noise ratio because of the high intensity of the radiation source, resulting in improved photometric precision and detection limits; ii) for the same reason, there are no more 'weak' lines, i.e. secondary lines can be used without compromises; iii) new elements might be determined, for which no radiation source has been available; iv) the entire spectral environment around the analytical line becomes 'visible', giving a lot more information than current AAS instruments; v) the CCD array detector allows a truly simultaneous background correction close to the analytical line; vi) the software is capable of storing reference spectra, e.g. of a molecular absorption with rotational fine structure, and of subtracting such spectra from the spectra recorded for a sample, using a least squares algorithm; vii) although not yet realized, the system makes possible a truly simultaneous multi-element AAS measurement when an appropriate two-dimensional de...

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Design and evaluation of an echelle grating optical system for ICP-OES

Cited by 109 publications

References 6 publications

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Performance evaluation of an axially viewed horizontal inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry

High-resolution continuum-source atomic absorption spectrometry: what can we expect?

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